[1. de Leon J, Verghese C, Tracy JI, Josiassen RC, Simpson GM. Polydipsia and water intoxication in psychiatric patients: a review of the epidemiological literature. Biol Psychiatry 1994;35(6):408-419.10.1016/0006-3223(94)90008-6]Search in Google Scholar
[2. Verghese C, De Leon J, Simpson GM. Neuroendocrine factors influencing polydipsia in psychiatric patients: an hypothesis. Neuropsychopharmacology.1993;9(2):157-166.10.1038/npp.1993.54]Search in Google Scholar
[3. Mercier-Guidez, Loas G. Polydipsia and water intoxication in 353 psychiatric inpatients: an epidemiological and psychopathological study. Eur Psychiatry. 2000;15(5):306-311.10.1016/S0924-9338(00)00399-0]Search in Google Scholar
[4. de Leon J. Polydipsia-a study in a long-term psychiatric unit. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2003 :253(1):37-39.10.1007/s00406-003-0403-z]Search in Google Scholar
[5. Iftene F, Bowie C, Milev R, Hawken E, Talikowska-Szymczak E, Potopsingh D, Hanna S, Mulroy J, Groll D, Millson R. Identification of primary polydipsia in a severe and persistent mental illness outpatient population: a prospective observational study. Psychiatry Res.2013;210(3):679-683.10.1016/j.psychres.2013.04.011]Search in Google Scholar
[6. Williams ST, Kores RC. Psychogenic polydipsia: comparison of a community sample with an institutionalized population. Psychiatry Res. 2011;187(1-2):310-31110.1016/j.psychres.2010.10.035]Search in Google Scholar
[7. Peh LH, Devan GS, Eu P Water intoxication in psychiatric patients in Singapore. Singapore Med J 1990: 31(3):238-241]Search in Google Scholar
[8. Naito M, Ito K, Funayama S, Inoue M. The Influence of Subjective Oral Dryness and Salivary Volume on Polydipsia in Patients with Schizophrenia. International Journal of Oral-Medical Sciences.2013;12(1):29-34.10.5466/ijoms.12.29]Search in Google Scholar
[9. Goldman MB. The mechanism of life-threatening water imbalance in schizophrenia and its relationship to the underlying psychiatric illness. Brain Res Rev. 2009; 61(2), 210-220.10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.06.004]Search in Google Scholar
[10. Vieweg WVR, David JJ, Rowe WT, Wampler GJ, Burns WJ, Spradlin WW. Death from self-induced water intoxication among patients with schizophrenic disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1985;173(3):161-165.10.1097/00005053-198503000-00005]Search in Google Scholar
[11. Loas G, Mercier-Guidez E. Fatal self-induced water intoxication among schizophrenic inpatients. Eur Psychiatry. 2002; 17(6):307-310.10.1016/S0924-9338(02)00687-9]Search in Google Scholar
[12. Hawken ER, Crookall JM, Reddick D, Millson RC, Milev R, Delva. Mortality over a 20-year period in patients with primary polydipsia associated with schizophrenia: a retrospective study. Schizophr Res. 2009;107(2):128-133.10.1016/j.schres.2008.09.029]Search in Google Scholar
[13. Reynolds S A, Schmid MW, Broome ME. Polydipsia screening tool. Arch Psychiatr Nurs.2004;18(2):49-59.10.1053/j.apnu.2004.01.003]Search in Google Scholar
[14. Abbasi QA, Carbonell FE, Koczapski AB, Vieweg WV R. Measuring and estimating daily urine volume in psychiatric patients: strengths and weaknesses. Schizophr Res. 1997:28(1):87-93.10.1016/S0920-9964(97)00086-8]Search in Google Scholar
[15. Goldman MB. The assessment and treatment of water imbalance in patients with psychosis. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses. 2010;4(2):115-23.10.3371/CSRP.4.2.3]Search in Google Scholar
[16. Krzyżanowska-Świniarska B, Czekalski S. Choroby układu podwzgórzowo-przysadkowego. W. Interna .Tom3 red Januszewicz K, Kokot F. Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL. Warszawa 2004]Search in Google Scholar
[17. Zilles D, Hasan A, Gruber O, Degner D. Acute polydipsia and water intoxication in first episode schizophrenia. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2010;44(5):489-489.10.3109/00048671003614163]Search in Google Scholar
[18. Verbalis JG, Goldsmith SR, Greenberg A, Schrier RW, Sterns RH. Hyponatremia treatment guidelines 2007: expert panel recommendations. Am J Med 2007;120(11):1-21.10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.09.001]Search in Google Scholar
[19. Chen LC, Bai YM., Chang MH. Polydipsia, hyponatremia and rhabdomyolysis in schizophrenia: A case report. World J Psychiatry.2014; 4(4):150-152.10.5498/wjp.v4.i4.150]Search in Google Scholar
[20. Blum A, Tempey, FW, Lynch WJ. Somatic findings in patients with psychogenic polydipsia. J Clin Psychiatry.1983;44(2):55-56]Search in Google Scholar
[21. Blum A, Friedland GW. (1983). Urinary tract abnormalities due to chronic psychogenic polydipsia. Am J Psychiatry.1983;140(7):915-916.]Search in Google Scholar
[22. Delva NJ, Crammer JL, Jarzylo SV, Lawson JS, Owen JA, Sribney M, Weir BJ, Yendt ER. Osteopenia, pathological fractures, and increased urinary calcium excretion in schizophrenic patients with polydipsia. Biol Psychiatry. 1989;26(8):781-93.10.1016/0006-3223(89)90119-4]Search in Google Scholar
[23. Bralet MC, Ton T, Falissard B. Schizophrenic patients with polydipsia and water intoxication more often have a form of schizophrenia first described by Kraepelin. Psychiatry Res. 2007:152(2), 267-271.]Search in Google Scholar
[24. Kirch DG, Bigelow LB, Weinberger DR, Lawson WB, Wyatt R J. Polydipsia and chronic hyponatremia in schizophrenic inpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 1985;46(5):179-181.]Search in Google Scholar
[25. Ripley TL, Millson R C, Koczapski AB. Self-induced water intoxication and alcohol abuse. Am J Psychiatry.1989;146(1):102-103.10.1176/ajp.146.1.1022912229]Search in Google Scholar
[26. Poirier S, Legris G, Tremblay P, Michea R, Viau-Guay L, Mérette C, Roy M A. Schizophrenia patients with polydipsia and water intoxication are characterized by greater severity of psychotic illness and a more frequent history of alcohol abuse. Schizophr Res.2010;118(1):285-291.10.1016/j.schres.2009.12.03620096540]Search in Google Scholar
[27. Schnur DB, Wirkowsk E, Reddy R, Decina P, Mukherjee S. Cognitive impairments in schizophrenic patients with hyponatremia. Biol Psychiatry. 1993;33(11):836-838.10.1016/0006-3223(93)90025-9]Search in Google Scholar
[28. Emsley RA, Spangenberg JJ, Roberts MC, Taljaard FJ, Chalton DO. Disordered water homeostasis and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry.1993;34(9):630-633.10.1016/0006-3223(93)90155-7]Search in Google Scholar
[29. Nagashima T, Inoue M, Kitamura S, Kiuchi K, Kosaka J, Okada K, Kishimoto T. Brain structural changes and neuropsychological impairments in male polydipsic schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry 2012: 12(1), 210.10.1186/1471-244X-12-210]Search in Google Scholar
[30. Millson RC, Koczapski AB, Cook MI, Daszkiewicz M. A survey of patient attitudes toward self-induced water intoxication. Can J Psychiatry. 1992;37(1):46-7.10.1177/070674379203700110]Search in Google Scholar
[31. May DL. Patient perceptions of self-induced water intoxication. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 1995;9(5):295-304.10.1016/S0883-9417(95)80049-2]Search in Google Scholar
[32. Nishikawa T, Tsuda A, Tanaka M, Nishikawa M, Koga I, Uchida Y. Involvement of the endogenous opioid system in the drinking behavior of schizophrenic patients displaying self-induced water intoxication: a double-blind controlled study with naloxone. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1996;19(3):252-258.10.1097/00002826-199619030-00007]Search in Google Scholar
[33. Nishikawa T, Tsuda A, Tanaka M, Nishikawa M, Koga I, Uchida Y. Naloxone attenuates drinking behavior in psychiatric patients displaying self-induced water intoxication. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.1994;18(1):149-53.10.1016/0278-5846(94)90031-0]Search in Google Scholar
[34. Shen WW, Sata LS.. Hypothalamic dopamine receptor supersensitivity? A pilot study of self-induced water intoxication. Psychiatr J Univ Ott. 1984;8(3):154-158.]Search in Google Scholar
[35. Shinkai T, Ohmori O, Hori H, Nakamura J. Genetic approaches to polydipsia in schizophrenia: A preliminary report of a family study and an association study of an angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism. Am J Med Genet Part B: Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2003;119(1):7-12.10.1002/ajmg.b.1006612707930]Search in Google Scholar
[36. Matsumoto C, Shinkai T, De Luca V, Hwang R, Hori H, Lanktree M, Nakamura J. Association between three functional polymorphisms of the dopamine D2 receptor gene and polydipsia in schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol.2005;8(2):245-253.10.1017/S146114570400490015850500]Search in Google Scholar
[37. Ouyang WC, Wang YC, Hong CJ, Cheng CY, Tsai SJ. Association study of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism with schizophrenia and polydipsia. Neuropsychobiology. 2001;44(1):31-35.10.1159/00005491111408790]Search in Google Scholar
[38. Yamada K, Shinkai T, Chen HI, Utsunomiya K, Nakamura J. Effect of COMT Val108/158Met Genotype on Risk for Polydipsia in Chronic Patients with Schizophrenia. Neuromolecular Med. 2014;16(2):398-404.10.1007/s12017-014-8287-9]Search in Google Scholar
[39. Fukunaka Y, Shinkai T, Hwang R, Hori H, Utsunomiya K, Sakata S, Nakamura J. The orexin 1 receptor (HCRTR1) gene as a susceptibility gene contributing to polydipsia-hyponatremia in schizophrenia. Neuromolecular Med. 2007;9(4):292-297.10.1007/s12017-007-8001-2]Search in Google Scholar
[40. Shinkai T, De Luca V, Utsunomiya K, Sakata S, Inoue Y, Fukunaka Y, Nakamura J. Functional polymorphism of the human multidrug resistance gene (MDR1) and polydipsia–hyponatremia in Schizophrenia. Neuromolecular Med.2008;10(4):362-36710.1007/s12017-008-8041-2]Search in Google Scholar
[41. Goldman MB. The mechanism of life-threatening water imbalance in schizophrenia and its relationship to the underlying psychiatric illness. Brain Res Rev.2009;61(2):210-220.10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.06.004]Search in Google Scholar
[42. Goldman MB, Robertson GL, Luchins DJ, Hedeker D, Pandey GN. Psychotic exacerbations and enhanced vasopressin secretion in schizophrenic patients with hyponatremia and polydipsia. Arch Gen Psychiatry.1997;54(5):443-449.10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830170069010]Search in Google Scholar
[43. Goldman MB, Blake L, Marks RC, Hedeker D, Luchins D J. Association of nonsuppression of cortisol on the DST with primary polydipsia in chronic schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry.1993;150(4) 653-653.10.1176/ajp.150.4.653]Search in Google Scholar
[44. Goldman MB, Gnerlich J, Hussain N. Neuroendocrine responses to a cold pressor stimulus in polydipsic hyponatremic and in matched schizophrenic patients. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007; 32(7): 1611-1621.10.1038/sj.npp.1301282]Search in Google Scholar
[45. Goldman MB, Wang L, Wachi C, Daudi S, Csernansky J, Marlow-O’Connor M, Torres I. Structural pathology underlying neuroendocrine dysfunction in schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res.2011:218(1):106-113.10.1016/j.bbr.2010.11.025]Search in Google Scholar
[46. Thomas JL, Howe J, Gaudet A, Brantley PJ. Behavioral treatment of chronic psychogenic polydipsia with hyponatremia: a unique case of polydipsia in a primary care patient with intractable hiccups. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry.2001;32(4):241-250.10.1016/S0005-7916(02)00007-1]Search in Google Scholar
[47. Goldman MB, Luchins DJ. Prevention of episodic water intoxication with target weight procedure. Am J Psychiatry. 1987;144(3):365-36610.1176/ajp.144.3.3653826439]Search in Google Scholar
[48. Hayashi T, Nishikawa T, Koga I, Uchida Y, Horiguchi J, Yamawaki Involvement of the α2-adrenergic system in polydipsia in schizophrenic patients: a pilot study. Psychopharmacology.1997;130(4):382-386.10.1007/s002130050254]Search in Google Scholar
[49. Kishi Y, Kurosawa H, Endo S. Is propranolol effective in primary polydipsia? Int J Psychiatry Med.1998;28(3):315-325.10.2190/QPWL-14H7-HPGG-A29D]Search in Google Scholar
[50. Gibson CAM, Stewart JT. Treatment of psychogenic polydipsia with pindolol. J Clin Psychopharmacol.2006;26(1):99-100.10.1097/01.jcp.0000195909.29117.b0]Search in Google Scholar
[51. Greendyke RM, Bernhardt AJ, Tasbas HE, Lewandowski KS. Polydipsia in chronic psychiatric patients: therapeutic trials of clonidine and enalapril. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1998;18(4):272-281.10.1016/S0893-133X(97)00159-0]Search in Google Scholar
[52. Tueth MJ, Broderick-Cantwell J. Successful treatment with captopril of an elderly man with polydipsia and hyponatremia. Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology.1993;6(2):112-114.10.1177/089198879300600209]Search in Google Scholar
[53. Goldstein JA. Captopril in the treatment of psychogenic polydipsia. J Clin Psychiatry.1986;47(2):99]Search in Google Scholar
[54. Sebastian CS, Sinha D, Gulati NK. Serum sodium stabilizing effect of enalapril after standard water load in a patient with a history of self-induced water intoxication. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.1995;19(4):655-663.10.1016/0278-5846(95)00109-9]Search in Google Scholar
[55. Kruse D, Pantelis C, Rudd R, Quek J, Herbert P, McKinley M. Treatment of psychogenic polydipsia: comparison of risperidone and olanzapine, and the effects of an adjunctive angiotensin-II receptor blocking drug (irbesartan). Aust N Z J Psychiatry.2001;35(1):65-68.10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.00847.x]Search in Google Scholar
[56. Webber MA, Ofalabi I, Mahmud W, Herron MS, Shekhar A. Losartan for treatment of psychogenic polydipsia. Ann Pharmacother. 2004;38(10):1750-1751.10.1345/aph.1D523]Search in Google Scholar
[57. Dong HS, Kim SH, Park SY. A Case Report: Irbesartan and Naltrexone Treatment of Polydipsia in a Patient with Schizophrenia. Korean J Schizophr Res.2015;18(2):86-90.10.16946/kjsr.2015.18.2.86]Search in Google Scholar
[58. Vieweg WVR, Weiss NM, David JJ, Rowe WT, Godleski L S, Spradlin WW. Treatment of psychosis, intermittent hyponatremia, and polydipsia (PIP syndrome) using lithium and phenytoin. Biol Psychiatry. 1988;23(1):25-30.10.1016/0006-3223(88)90103-5]Search in Google Scholar
[59. Vieweg WV, Wilkinson EC, David JJ, Rowe WT, Hobbs WB, Spradlin WW. The use of demeclocycline in the treatment of patients with psychosis, intermittent hyponatremia, and polydipsia (PIP syndrome). Psychiatr Q. 1988;59(1):62-68.10.1007/BF01064293]Search in Google Scholar
[60. Alexander RC, Karp BI, Thompson S, Khot V, Kirch DG. A double blind, placebo-controlled trial of demeclocycline treatment of polydipsia-hyponatremia in chronically psychotic patients. Biol Psychiatry. 1991;30(4):417-420.10.1016/0006-3223(91)90300-B]Search in Google Scholar
[61. Josiassen RC, Goldman M, Jessani M, Shaughnessy RA, Albazzaz A, Lee J, Ouyang J, Orlandi C, Czerwiec F. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial of a vasopressin V2-receptor antagonist in patients with schizophrenia and hyponatremia. Biol Psychiatry. 2008:4(12):1097-1100.10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.06.01718692175]Search in Google Scholar
[62. Takagi S, Watanabe Y, Imaoka T, Sakata M, Watanabe M. Treatment of psychogenic polydipsia with acetazolamide: a report of 5 cases. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2011;34(1):5-710.1097/WNF.0b013e318205070b21242740]Search in Google Scholar
[63. Spears NM, Leadbetter RA, Shutty MS Jr. Clozapine treatment in polydipsia and intermittent hyponatremia. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57(3):123-8.]Search in Google Scholar
[64. Canuso CM, Goldman, MB. Clozapine restores water balance in schizophrenic patients with polydipsia-hyponatremia syndrome. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci.1999;11(1):86-90.10.1176/jnp.11.1.869990561]Search in Google Scholar
[65. Fuller MA, Jurjus G, Kwon K, Konicki PE, Jaskiw GE. Clozapine reduces water-drinking behavior in schizophrenic patients with polydipsia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996;16(4):329-3210.1097/00004714-199608000-000108835710]Search in Google Scholar
[66. Margetić B, Aukst-Margetić B. Successful treatment of polydipsia, water intoxication, and delusional jealousy in an alcohol dependent patient with clozapine. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.2006;30(7):1347-1349.10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.03.00516600455]Search in Google Scholar
[67. Tényi T, Vörös V. Successful switch to olanzapine after rhabdomyolysis caused by water intoxication and clozapine use. Pharmacopsychiatry.2006;39(4):157-158.10.1055/s-2006-94670816871473]Search in Google Scholar
[68. Chhoumi M, Mrad A, Mechri A. Risperidone treatment for polydipsia and severe hyponatremia in a schizophrenic patient. The rapie.2015;70(3):309-310.]Search in Google Scholar
[69. Rao N, Venkatasubramanian G, Korpade V, Behere R, Varambally S, Gangadhar, B. Risperidone treatment for polydipsia and hyponatremia in schizophrenia: a case report. Turk Psikiyatri Derg.2011;22(2):123-125.]Search in Google Scholar
[70. Kawai N, Baba A, Suzuki T. Risperidone failed to improve polydipsia-hyponatremia of the schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci.2002;56(1):107-110.10.1046/j.1440-1819.2002.00937.x11929579]Search in Google Scholar
[71. Millson RC, Emes CE, Glackman WG. Self-induced water intoxication treated with risperidone. Can J Psychiatry.1996;41(10):648-650.10.1177/0706743796041010088978944]Search in Google Scholar
[72. Ranga GS, Tomar LR, Narang S, Tripathi P, Jirwal OP. Risperidone causing hyponatremia. J Acute Med.2014;4(3):133-134.10.1016/j.jacme.2014.03.004]Search in Google Scholar
[73. Tenyi T, Vörös V. Successful switch to olanzapine after rhabdomyolysis caused by water intoxication and clozapine use. Pharmacopsychiatry.2006;39(04):157-158.10.1055/s-2006-94670816871473]Search in Google Scholar
[74. Goldman MB, Hussain N. Absence of effect of olanzapine on primary polydipsia: results of a double-blind, randomized study. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology. 2004;24(6):678-680.10.1097/01.jcp.0000145337.07676.2f15538138]Search in Google Scholar
[75. Spasovski G, Vanholder R, Allolio B i inni. Clinical practice guide-line on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;170(3):1-47.10.1530/EJE-13-102024569125]Search in Google Scholar