STUDY ON THE THERMAL AND IMPACT RESISTANCE PROPERTIES OF MICRO PA66/PU SYNERGISTICALLY REINFORCED MULTI-LAYERED BIAXIAL WEFT KNITTED FABRIC COMPOSITES

: In this paper, the infl uence of micro PA66/PU in multi-layered biaxial weft knitted (MBWK) fabric reinforced composites on thermal and impact resistance was studied. The main objective was to investigate the role of micro PA66/PU in terms of improving material performance. The results showed that the addition of micro PA66/PU improved the thermal stability of the MBWK composite. It is observed that the onset degradation temperatures increased by 1.6°C in thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) test and the Tg increased by 2.8°C in the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) test. Besides, the impact energy absorption of composites increased by 5.3% after the addition of micro PA66/PU. The addition of micro PA66/PU effectively reduced the impact damage area from the failure morphology after impact. In simple words, the addition of micro PA66/PU effectively improves the comprehensive properties of composites.


Introduction
Base d on the lack of real leather production and people's constant attention to animal protection, microfi ber leather with excellent chemical corrosion resistance and physical and mechanical properties gradually replace real leather products. Besides, it has almost the same tactile impression and elasticity as dermis production. In 2016, the capacity of domestic microfi ber leather production has exceeded 200 million square meters which is four times more than the domestic production in 2010. However, the huge pollution comes with the microfi ber leather production process. PA66/PU mixed waste (PPMW), which is a waste in the production of microfi ber leather, is diffi cult to be separated and degraded and it has a bad infl uence on the environment. According to statistics, an enterprise with an annual output of 6 million square meters of microfi ber leather produces 200 tons of waste. High cost and diffi cult handling bring great threat to the environment.
Polyamide 66 (PA66) and polyurethane (PU), which are the major engineering materials, are featured with excellent thermal stability, weather-shield durability, chemical resistance, excellent mechanical performance, and easy processing, and hence are increasingly used in mechanical and/or structural applications [1][2][3][4]. In recent years, many applications of PA66 and PU were studied for different functions through modifying and compounding. Rigid foam plastics can be prepared by adding different fl ame retardants on the base of PU. Zheng et al. [5] prepared the fl ame retarded rigid PU foam through using polyols and diisocyanates with a modifi ed intumescent fl ame retardant (MIFR) via polyoxyethylene nonylphenol ether (surfactant TX-10), and Peng et al. [6] formed the rigid foam composites by combining the rigid PU foam and panel, from which the excellent fl ame retardant performance was got (the optimal limiting oxygen index (LOI) was 29.5%). To improve the fl ame retardancy of PA66, Lyu et al. [7,8] modifi ed the PA66 through end-pieces capping technology, the total heat release rate signifi cantly reduced by 36.3% and the LOI reached 29.5%. Similarly, PA66 and PU had very good application prospects in the fi eld of medical and health care. Most importantly, PA66 and PU show good impact resistance in practical application. Bangash et al. [9] and Poonsub et al. [10] introduced dynamic PU into CFRP laminated composite to obtain dynamic twophase composites with repairable, recyclable, self-healing, and enhanced impact resistance properties. In addition to these advantages, PA66 and PU also had great advantages in oilwater separation [11][12][13][14], thermal performance [15][16][17], sound absorption [18,19], electrical performance [20,21], and wear resistance [22,23].
Epoxy is the common matrix in fi ber-reinforced composites. Its highly cross-linked structure [24] has many useful properties, such as high modulus of elasticity [25], high failure strength [25], high creep resistance [26], and etc. However, most of the epoxy is brittle, which will lead to the impact resistance of the

Abstract:
three-dimensional shell material with multi-layered biaxial weft knitted (MBWK) fabric as reinforcement and epoxy as matrix cannot meet the requirements. Therefore, how to restrain the thermal stability of MBWK fabric reinforced three-dimensional shell and improve the impact resistance of the shell is the most important research topic. The toughness of epoxy composite with high brittleness can be improved by using PA66 and PU at the micron level, so that the impact resistance of the composite can be improved. Hence, it was thought that it was necessary to study characterization of micro PA66/PU, which improved the impact resistance performance of materials.
Hence, the study of characterization and reuse of PPMW not only improved the performance of materials but also protected the environment. In this work, the MBWK fabrics reinforced micro PA66/PU epoxy composites (MFPPEC) plates were manufactured by vacuum bag forming process. The thermal, mechanical, and fl ame retardancy properties were reported by SEM, TGA, DMA, X-ray, and mechanical test, respectively.

Materials
Micro PA66/PU is supplied by Shandong Tongda Island New Materials Co., Ltd (Shandong, China). It is the waste obtained from the production of microfi ber leather. Random samples are prepared and it is observed that the diameter of the fi bers ranged from 1 µm to 18 µm, and most of the fi bers are fi ne fi bers with a size of 2 µm. The fi ber length ranges from 20 µm to 2 mm, most of them are short fi bers, and the length is <100 µm. Heat resist modifi ed epoxy resin (JC-085A) and modifi ed anhydrides curing agent (JC-085B) were purchased from Changshu Jiafa Chemical Co., Ltd (Jiangsu, China). The resin information of JC-085A/B is listed in Table 1. PA66 and PU are bonded together with micro PA66/PU materials. Micro PA66/ PU, a waste in the production of microfi ber leather, is diffi cult to be separated and degraded, which has hazardous effects on the environment. High cost and diffi cult handling of PA66 and PU make it as a threat to the environment. Fortunately, PA66 and PU have excellent thermal, mechanical, fl ame retardant, impact resistance, and other properties, which make these two materials as the best choice so far, in the application in a broad prospect. PA66 exists in the state of fi ber, but PU is in the state of granule. MBWK fabric, the properties and structure of which are shown in Table 2, is produced in Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites, Tiangong University ( Figure 1).

]2.2. Preparation of composites
Micro PA66/PU reinforced epoxy composites were manufactured by vacuum bag forming process with 0.5% micro PA66/PU contents. The approximate powdery materials were dried at 100°C for 2 h in an oven. Then it was mixed in a high-speed mechanical mixture at 100 rpm for 20 min. After that, it was put in a vacuum drying oven to remove air bubbles from the mixture. Finally, the micro PA66/PU reinforced epoxy composites were obtained via vacuum bag forming process. The MBWK fabrics reinforced epoxy composites (MFEC) and MBWK fabrics reinforced micro PA66/PU epoxy composites (MFPPEC) were manufactured as shown in Figure 2. And the structure of MBWK fabrics is also shown in Figure 2. Standard specimens for impact test were ASTM D256.s.

Characterization
Thermal and thermo-mechanical properties were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), respectively. In the TGA test, TG 209 F3 tarsus thermo-gravimetric instrument was used and nitrogen atmosphere was used in the full range. The temperature used for the test was in the range of 25-800°C and the heating rate was 10°C /min. In the DMA test, NETZSCH DMA 242 instrument was used. The temperature range was 30-350°C, while the heating rate is 2°C/min, the frequency is 1 Hz-2 Hz-5 Hz-10 Hz, and the deformation mode is three-point bending. The sample size is 40 mm x 10 mm x 3 mm. X-ray tomography (Carl Zeiss X-ray Microcopy, Xradia Versa 510) and SEM (Hitachi, TM3030) were used to get the distribution of micro PA66/PU

Thermogravimetric analysis
A heating rate of 10°C /min is conducted in air and corresponding weight loss was recorded. The small amount of sample was heated from 25°C to 900°C, and Figure 4 showed the thermal stability of composites. Micro PA66/PU reinforced epoxy composite showed slightly higher thermal stability than pure epoxy resin. At 900°C, micro PA66/PU reinforced epoxy materials and the structure of MBWK in the composites. Impact tests were performed on a universal testing machine (Instron 3369) according to ASTM standards. Note that ZCJ9302 drop weight impact testing machine was used. The impact end mass was 2 kg and the impact energy was 10 J. The specimen size was 150 mm x 100 mm x 2 mm. For each composition, fi ve specimens were tested, from which the mean value and standard deviation (SD) were calculated. The impact fractured surfaces were observed with VHX microscope and X-ray tomography to study topographical features.

SEM studies on the identifi cation of components and existing states in micro PA66/PU materials
Based on the principle of PA66 fi ber's surface wrinkling in the environment of heated zinc chloride iodine (ZCI) [27], it was

MBWK fabric Parameter
Grams per square meter (g/m 2 ) 635.6 Grams per square meter of weft yarns (g/m 2 ) 418.8 Grams per square meter of warp yarns (g/m 2 ) 188.4 Grams per square meter of knitting yarns (g/m 2 ) 28.4 Thickness (mm) 0.7 Weft density (needles/inch) 13.5 Warp Density (needles/inch) 12 Carbon fi ber volume fraction (%) 34.5 of high-performance fi bers, the thermal stability of composites mainly depended on the properties of epoxy resin. The DMA analysis showed that the addition of 0.5% micro PA66/PU materials improved the performance of epoxy resin. Therefore, the modifi ed composite with micro PA66/PU materials shows improvement in the thermal performance.

Structural analysis of composites
X-ray tomography was carried out to investigate the structure of MBWK fabric in the composites. Figure 6 shows the MBWK fabric, which was the reinforcement of MFPPEC. Figure 6a clearly exhibited the reinforcement structure in composites. The high-performance fi bers were arranged in parallel and straight states without interlacing each other. The mechanical properties of fi ber materials can be fully developed. Moreover, effective dispersion of the kinetic energy obtained from the impact load can be improved. The black part in the Figure 6a was 0.5% micro PA66 / PU reinforced epoxy. Due to the presence of micro materials, the interface of materials was increased. When the material received the impact load, the material can effectively absorb the impact kinetic energy and improve the impact resistance of the material. SEM has been carried out to investigate the distribution of micro PA66/PU. PA66 fi bers and PU granule were distributed in epoxy resin randomly, and they composite showed 15.51% weight residue whereas pure epoxy resin showed 14.77% weight residue as it had a certain content of micro PA66/PU. And both materials have very close onset degradation temperatures for pure epoxy resin and micro PA66/PU composite, which were 243.06°C and 246.66°C, respectively. Besides, the range of near onset degradation temperature indicated that the thermal stability of both materials was same. Further, comparison of TGA curves of pure epoxy resin and micro PA66/PU reinforced epoxy composite showed relatively similar thermal stability pattern.

Dynamic mechanical analysis
The storage modulus (E′) curve, loss in modulus (E˝) curve, and loss factor (tan δ) for pure epoxy resin and 0.5% micro PA66/PU materials reinforced composites were represented in Figure 5, which depicted the variation of E′, E′′, and tan δ as a function of temperature at a temperature range of 30°C to 350°C. The Tg of 0.5% micro PA66/PU materials reinforced composite exhibited higher value (228.9°C) than pure epoxy resin (216.1°C), which indicated that addition of micro PA66/PU materials improved the temperature property of the material. The storage modulus of both composites decreased with increase in temperature above Tg; a similar trend of the curve E′ has been observed against the reinforced epoxy composite materials and 0.5% micro PA66/PU materials. Due to the excellent thermal stability   Figure 6b showed the random distribution of micro PA66/PU. Figure 7 shows the dynamic response curves of MFEC and MFPPEC. The peak of MFEC and MFPPEC were close, which indicated that micro PA66/PU has little effect on the resistance to impact load. However, the impact energy absorption of MFEC is 5.2 J, which was slightly lower than that of MFPPE that is 5.49 J. The increasing ratio was 5.3%. The main reason behind that was the addition of micro PA66/PU which increased the interface of materials and the interface's cracking was needed to consume the impact energy. At the same time, the addition of micro PA66/PU increased the interface performance between fabrics and resins, which also played a very important role in terms of impact energy consumption. Figure 8 shows the failure morphology of MFEC and MFPPEC after impact. There was as such no obvious impact damage trace on the front side of the samples, but contrarily apparent impact morphology appeared on the back side, which indicated that the back of composites suffered greater impact damage. Besides, Figure 8d shows the most apparent impact area than that of given in the Figure 8b and it was the evidence to conclude that the addition of PPMW signifi cantly improved the impact resistance of the composites. With the addition of micro PA/ PU materials, large specifi c surface area can greatly improve the contact area in the composite system due to the existence of surface interface effect and small size effect, which can help the load move rapidly from the matrix to the reinforcement, so that it could avoide stress concentration and effectively prevent the crack propagation of epoxy resin when impact load is applied. Furthermore, micro PA/PU materials can adjust the bonding force between matrix and reinforced fi ber to a certain extent and promote the defl ection of micro-crack propagation path in matrix to improve the toughening effect.

CONCLUSIONS
Performance evaluation of MBWK epoxy composites based on the structure and thermal characteristic led to following conclusions: (1) The addition of PPMW did not destroy the thermal stability of the composite but improved it. The onset degradation temperatures increased by 1.6°C from TGA test and the Tg increased by 2.8°C from the DMA test.
(2) After the addition of PPMW, the impact energy absorption of composites increased by 5.3%. The addition of PPMW effectively reduced the impact damage area from the failure morphology after impact.
It was thus finally concluded that the addition of micro PA66/ PU materials effectively improves the properties of composites comprehensively.