Trends and Future of Corporate Entrepreneurship in Indonesia in the Post-Pandemic Era by Using Descriptive Quantitative and Cross-sectional Study


 
 Objectives: The main driving objective of this research is focused on revealing entrepreneurship trends that businesses can utilize to remain competitive in the market and grow toward achieving their goals in Indonesia. Also, this research explains the entrepreneurship future, what to do, and how to offset the prevalent challenges.
 
 Methodology: The best method of research used in this study is the descriptive quantitative and cross-sectional study based on the available trends which are believed to occur in the future. The methodologies used in this research give it more accuracy on how to achieve all the set targets. Secondary sources of data enable the researcher to acquire the skills through which they will be used as the bridge recognizing the trends available in the realm of entrepreneurship. The data was collected from the BPS-Indonesian Central Statistics Agency.
 
 Findings: This study reveals the significant factors that can be used to sustain corporate entrepreneurship in the post-pandemic era. Utilizing the descriptive quantitative and cross-sectional study in the research, the study collected the relevant information on entrepreneurship and how the future trends will affect the need for the advancement in technology, therefore creating more job opportunities.
 
 Limitation: The main limitation to this research was finding substantive information that suits the identified time frame with relevant data. The research requires the incorporation of various studies and surveys. Moreover, some of the entrepreneurship publications relevant to be used in this study were not written in English. Also, this study used mapping of reviews, which have some weaknesses since some of them are limited to time.
 
 Value Added and Recommendations: This research significantly contributes to essential areas in business in Indonesia since there are scarce studies like this regarding entrepreneurship in the post-pandemic era. The research has indicated that it is necessary to treat entrepreneurship education as a priority by policymakers, governments, and educators.


Introduc�on
Currently, organiza�ons are exis�ng in a highly compe��ve and ex-ponen�ally changing business climate a�er COVID-19 hit the world. Established organiza�ons are under constant pressure to develop new strategies that will enable them to adapt to increasing changes and pressure from faster, smaller, and more ac�ve or-ganiza�ons. These new companies are iden�fying and exploi�ng the available opportuni�es by taking considerable market share, disrup�ng markets, and endangering the existence of established companies (Kuratko, 2017). Besides, corporate entrepreneurship is not a new concept in Indonesia, but it is gaining momentum and is rela�vely embraced as the most ideal answer to organiza�onal challenges in the current ever-changing business world. Every or-ganiza�on desire to have organic growth; however, a few companies do not have a sustainable and suppor�ve process for organiza-�onal growth over �me. Corporate entrepreneurship (intrapreneurship) is the best solu�on since startups use it to develop their businesses, services, products, and ac�vi�es within established or-ganiza�ons to create value and new revenue growth by u�lizing entrepreneurial thinking and ac�on.
Conversely, entrepreneurship encompasses three dimensions, including proac�veness, innova�veness, and risk-taking (Cahanar & Hamsal, 2021). Corporate entrepreneurship (CE) programs naturally generate disrup�ve ideas, rather than meagre, incremental changes. The innova�veness dimensions are considerably led by employees rather than management implementa�ons. Companies significantly need corporate entrepreneurship programs to be able to improve and promote their innova�on capabili�es and other es-sen�al benefits, including growth, increased employee morale and produc�vity, promote compe��ve advantage, as well as employee reten�on and recruitment (Astrini, 2020). Moreover, ac�on-oriented competent leaders, a conducive environment, and processes and systems that enable entrepreneurial ac�ons to form the basic components for implemen�ng corporate entrepreneurship in an organiza�on. Further, CE is focused on building capabil-i�es that support organiza�ons to facilitate the accelerated growth of new businesses. Notably, businesses of all sizes and sectors leverage technological advancements to improve the overall performance of their businesses.
Indonesian government focus on developing and encouraging entrepreneurship by offering its support to the development of SMEs (small and medium enterprises). Notably, these enterprises create an avenue for the development and tes�ng of entrepreneurial capability. Thus, this paper researches the entrepreneurship trends and future to support the development of SMEs and established companies. Addi�onally, the paper researches the factors that will enable the sustainability of corporate entrepreneurship since it has considerable benefits to the development of small and medium enterprises. This research is mo�vated by how businesses are recovering in the post-pandemic era; how they can leverage the entrepreneurship trends to remain at a compe��ve edge. Corporate entrepreneurship by itself is a significant trend that is helping companies to improve their financial performance. Every business needs to recover; thus, this paper will provide substan�ve informa�on on current trends that can be used by established companies as well as SMEs in Indonesia to grow and be able to achieve their business goals. Several studies have portrayed how capable corporate entrepreneurship is to create opportuni�es in technological advances, value crea�on, employment, cultural transforma�on for governments, entrepreneurs, society, and economies (Muafi et al., 2021). Thus, the results of this research will iden�fy the factors that can be used to sustain corporate entrepreneurship to enable SMEs in Indonesia to be more innova�ve, proac�ve, and willing to take risks adop�ng new technologies that will support the growth of their businesses. The paper will involve data analysis to provide in-depth insights into corporate entrepreneurship.

Literature Review
According to a study �tled "Trends and Developments," the economy of Indonesia con�nued to face contrac�on in the first quarter of 2021 because of the ongoing global public health crisis. However, there were prospects of GDP growth of the country as businesses were endeavouring to recover, especially when compared to the previous quarter of 2020. Economic recovering is owed to several factors, including the enactment of the government's policies and regula�ons and the ongoing COVID-19 vaccin-a�on programmes. The regulatory reforms supported by the government will enhance ease of doing business, support economic growth, and encourage foreign direct investment (FDI) in the country. Besides, Lee (2019), refers to Indonesia as one of the richest countries in the world. thus, SMEs have great significance to the country, since they make up to 90% of all firms apart from the agricultural sector and serve as a great source of employment oppor-tuni�es (Tambunan, 2007). Therefore, it is impera�ve to support the existence of these SMEs by iden�fying the current entrepreneurship trends and future as well as factors that sustain corporate entrepreneurship.

Research Methodology
This research aims to iden�fy the entrepreneurship trends postpandemic that Indonesian businesses use to have a compe��ve edge in the market. The best method of research used in this study is the descrip�ve quan�ta�ve and cross-sec�onal study based on the available trends which are believed to occur in the future. The target popula�on for this study was the owners of medium and small businesses and big enterprises from across the country. A sample from the businesses was taken to represent the rest of the target popula�on. The researchers collected 31 samples of the total enterprise popula�on. In the 31 samples, the researcher used the descrip�ve quan�ta�ve method while for the rest the researcher used the mapping literature method.
The collec�on of the data was mainly based on secondary data. The data was collected through reading the sta�s�cs of the BPS-Indonesian Central Sta�s�cs Agency. To obtain the sources from the agency, the researcher headed to the headquarters of the Indonesian Agency and found their research data. In this study, the data needed no interpreta�on because it had already been interpreted and presented. Ethics was observed in this study by men�oning that the data came from a secondary source. The data collected was placed in variables in rela�on to the study being done. The variables include working remotely, e-commerce and educa�on on entrepreneurship skills. The dependent variable is the entrepreneurship trends, and the independent variables are e-commerce, educa�on and working remotely.
The methods of data sourcing have been discussed, the target popula�on and the interpreta�on. The paper has also discussed the sample size and the methods for data collec�on. Petrunenko et al. (2021) urge that evolving demands of customers, new technologies, societal shi�s, and COVID-19 outbreak are significant factors that have contributed to changes in the business world. Thus, there are poten�al changes that have a significant influence on entrepreneurial thinking and ac�ons. As Purbasari et al. (2021) state understanding the current entrepreneurship trends help in adap�ng to the new business changes and enable businesses to last longer in the evolu�onary path of the market. According to Pramono et al. (2021), one of the entrepreneurship trends is business from home due to digital nomadism. These trends enable entrepreneurs and employees to work from home and enjoy a variety of employment op�ons. Notably, digital nomadism allows them to save travel costs, electricity bills, and expenditure on equipment upkeep. This trend reached its peak dur-ing the outbreak of coronavirus disease when people were forced to stay at home in 2020. Chatzinikolaou, et al. (2021) states that this is a golden opportunity that businesses should leverage in Indonesia. Addi�onally, working from home has engineered globalized business that involves interna�onal teams working together. Therefore, globalized business is a trend that will be overwhelmingly embraced (Pertunenko et al., 2021). Pramono et al. (2021), argues that globalism serves the interests of both big companies and SMEs in Indonesia. This trend is doing quite well for so�ware developers, IT consultants, media, and professional services. Chatzinikolaou et al. (2021) state that there is a surge in the way people are u�lizing the Internet of Things (IoT) and its ecosystem is developing at a fast clip. The Internet of Things will grow up to USD 1.4 trillion by 2027. Earlier on, IoT projects were only for the established companies that had resources and �me to build systems. However, according to Lee (2019), there is a batch of new IoT startups that can be afforded by many SMEs. Further, Petrunenko et al. (2021) show how on-demand services are becoming popular and significantly influencing consumer behaviour. Online shopping and home delivery have become prevalent in today's business world. Thus, a business should leverage on-demand economy shi�s for growth and survival. Tambunan (2007) states that businesses have developed an overarching tenet of ge�ng poten�al customers from where they are owed to the current customercentric trend. Today, many poten�al customers spend considerable �me on the Internet, specifically on social media. According to Sakhdari & Farsi (2016), e-commerce industries are rapidly growing in Indonesia, and e-commerce is es�mated to reach USD53 billion by 2025. They state that this es�ma�on is owed to unlimited government support, par�cipa�on of MSMEs, increasing disposable income, and digital-savvy consumers. Addi�onally, Indonesia is made up of many islands; thus, on-ground delivery services have increased and will increase due to the prevalent public health crisis. Organiza�ons like Go-jek and Grab have already embraced this opportunity. Suhartanto and Leo (2018) state that entrepreneurship significantly supports the growth of the country's economy. According to Se�awan and Erdogan (2020), the future of entrepreneurship anchors on entrepreneurship educa�on, which is becoming an essen-�al and fast-growing research area that significantly contributes to the acknowledgement and understanding of na�onal and global trends. Entrepreneurship educa�on has developed in the recent past in Indonesia (Hosseininia & Ramezani, 2016). Therefore, the implementa�on of programs is being carried out to incorporate modern prac�ces in learning and teaching entrepreneurship in in-s�tu�ons of higher learning countrywide to promote entrepreneurship development in Indonesia. Considerably, according to Ghina 2016, youth unemployment in Indonesia is leading in the region. According to Ben et al. (2021), the workforce suffers from less experience, poor quality jobs, and poor working condi�ons and the youth unemployment rate increased due to the COVID-19 outbreak. Thus, as means to reduce this increasing rate, Indonesia is encouraging young entrepreneurs to support economic growth towards the future. Thus, these young entrepreneurs need to acquire entrepreneurship educa�on, competencies, networks, resources, and experience. All of this has been portrayed to be achieved by suppor�ng corporate entrepreneurship (Ghina, 2016). Moreover, a more inclusive entrepreneurship future in Indonesia will be achieved by ensuring the digital economy is shared by all Indonesians. "While Indonesia has one of the fastest-growing digital economies in South East Asia, ac�on is needed to ensure that all Indonesians, especially the most vulnerable, can access various digital technologies and services and realize the benefits". Se�awan and Erdogan (2020) argue that corporate entrepreneurship is an effec�ve means to enable businesses to succeed in a compe��ve market. However, with the benefits that come with corporate entrepreneurship, there are factors necessary to sustain the concept of corporate entrepreneurship. Afriza (2021) states that the survival of the SMEs in post-pandemic era depends on the usage of resources. Addi�onally, he argues that corporate entrepreneurship can be sustained by factors such as: poli�cal, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal summarized as PESTEL (Sakhdari & Farsi, 2016). These are external factors that will support and sustain the development of corporate entrepreneurship in Indonesia (Afriza, 2021). PESTEL is significant to explore the micro-environment that will enable businesses endorsing corporate entrepreneurship to survive and recover in the post-pandemic era. Moreover, PESTEL dimensions enable businesses to model factors that are essen�al in sustaining and suppor�ng the con�nuity of corporate entrepreneurship. Further, Afriza (2021) states that staying updated on the changes taking place in the business world will help a business to strategize on how to move on and remain compe��ve in the post-pandemic era. Entrepreneurship mo�vates people to begin new businesses that eventually facilitate innova�on in companies, which play a significant role in promo�ng na�onal economic growth (Lee, 2019). Therefore, as Afriza (2021) points out, government policies and financial support are factors that sustain the development of entrepreneurship.

Research Findings
This research used the descrip�ve qualita�ve and cross-sec�onal study as a methodological approach using secondary data from BPS -Indonesian Central Sta�s�cs Agency. Early in 2021, BPS conducted a na�onal survey to assess how businesses are recovering a�er the impacts of the COVID-19 outbreak on the business world. This na�onal agency conducts surveys locally and na�onally. The business world incorporates players from medium, small, and big companies. The collected data were categorized into various variables. For instance, under entrepreneurship trends, entrepreneurs and employees indicated they had reasons to support working remotely, i.e., working from home. Many chose to work remotely because this trend offers flexibility and freedom (59%). Others support this trend because they are flexible for family obliga�ons (17%), and some were uncomfortable combining travel and work (10%). According to Emerging Markets Informa�on Service (EMIS) database, e-commerce showed a significant increase in 2021 with most customers purchasing commodi�es that are marketed by social media (52.9%) (Pramono et al., 2021). Also, mapping literature review methodology was used, which enables the contextualiza-�on of reviews with in-depth literature and acknowledgement of research gaps and needs. This mapping intends to showcase the states of entrepreneurship educa�on within Indonesian ins�tu-�ons of higher learning based on their perspec�ve (Munir, 2021). Mapping for the literature revealed that entrepreneurship educa-�on programs regarding the method of teaching in entrepreneurship higher educa�on were of major concern in Indonesia (51.6%) to provide people with entrepreneurship skills and competencies that will help in sustaining corporate entrepreneurship.

Limita�ons and Recommenda�ons
This research portrays possible limita�ons that should be considered in future studies. The main limita�on to this research was finding substan�ve informa�on that suits the iden�fied �me frame with relevant data. The research requires the incorpora�on of various studies and surveys. Moreover, some of the entrepreneurship publica�ons relevant to be used in this study were not wri�en in English. Also, this study used mapping of reviews, which have some weaknesses since some of them are limited to �me. Another limit-a�on was concerning access to financial informa�on of companies within Indonesia and this paper required considerable secondary data. However, these limita�ons enabled broad explora�on of corporate entrepreneurship in Indonesia in the post-pandemic era. This research enabled gathering the informa�on that was consolidated to strengthen the development of corporate entrepreneurship projects in Indonesia (Kuratko, 2017).
The research has indicated that it is necessary to treat entrepreneurship educa�on as a priority by policymakers, governments, and educators. Addi�onally, a�er establishing educa�onal policies regarding entrepreneurship, all related stakeholders must collaborate to create programs that will equip young entrepreneurs with relevant skills and competencies for the entrepreneurship future and to deal with the ever-changing and unpredictable business world. Also, there are plenty of business trends from 2021 to 2022 that entrepreneurs can leverage to grow their businesses (Cahanar & Hamsal, 2021).

Conclusion
To sum up, this journal has focused on the current entrepreneurship trends, future of entrepreneurship, and factors necessary to sustain corporate entrepreneurship in 2021 to 2022 -the period referred to as the post-pandemic era. Businesses not only in Indonesia are recovering a�er being hit hard by the COVID-19 outbreak. However, the pandemic opened new ways for business op-era�ons. Entrepreneurs must embrace the change and act accordingly to survive in the business world by leveraging the available opportuni�es, especially those created by corporate entrepreneurship. Moreover, young entrepreneurs are encouraged to step up and start new businesses considering the available opportun-i�es due to advanced technology and corporate entrepreneurship benefits.