<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The growing problem of antimicrobial resistance has been classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the top ten threats to mankind. In a special report published in 2017, the WHO presented a list of microorganisms for which the search for new therapeutic options is a priority. The highest (critical) priority was given to the search for new antibiotics active against carbapenem-resistant strains of <italic>Acinetobacter baumannii</italic> and <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic> as well as against carbapenem- and third-generation-cephalosporin-resistant <italic>Enterobacterales</italic> strains (so-called critical priority pathogens). Whereas the second (high) priority was given among others to the search for new antibiotics active against methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant strains of <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (MRSA and VRSA) and vancomycin-resistant strains of <italic>Enterococcus faecium</italic> (VRE). Since the publication of the WHO report the European Medicines Agency has approved 6 novel, broad-spectrum antibiotics, from 6 different groups, addressing the priority pathogens to a different extent. Two of them are new combinations of carbapenems with non-β-lactam inhibitors of β-lactamases (active also against carbapenemases), belonging to two novel groups of inhibitors: diazabicyclooctanes (relebactam, combined with imipenem) and boronates (vaborbactam, combined with meropenem). The third new drug is a siderophore cephalosporin (cefiderocol) with an innovative mechanism of penetration into the bacterial cell. The next two antibiotics are the new fluoroquinolone (delafloxacin) and the new tetracycline (eravacycline), designed and synthesized to be more active than older members of these groups. The last innovative antibiotic is lefamulin – the first pleuromutilin approved for systemic use in humans. New approvals have expanded the number of available therapeutic options in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections (meropenem/vaborbactam, cefiderocol), complicated intra-abdominal infections (meropenem/vaborbactam, eravacycline), nosocomial pneumonia (meropenem/vaborbactam, imipenem/relebactam), acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (delafloxacin) and community-acquired pneumonia (lefamulin).
</abstract>

The European Medicines Agency Approved the New Antibacterial Drugs – Response to the 2017 Who Report on the Global Problem of Multi-Drug Resistance

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<italic>Acinetobacter baumannii</italic> is a Gram-negative saprophytic rod inhabiting both moist niches and dry surfaces. The wide spread of the microbe in the environment by means of minimal nutritional requirements and exceptional survival capabilities give the opportunities to occupy hospital niches, and thus to create threats for hospitalized patients. This bacterium may be a part of the human microbiota as an opportunistic pathogen which upon the host’s weakening, causes less or more serious diseases. <italic>A. baumannii</italic> is an etiological factor of ventilator-associated pneumonia, which is especially dangerous for patients in intensive care units (in Poland every fifth patient suffers from such infection). Due to the increasing multidrug resistance of <italic>A. baumannii</italic>, this bacterium belongs to the group of priority pathogens. Fighting such dangerous bacteria is difficult due to their natural resistance as well as acquired resistance mechanisms in response to environmental threats. The unique ability of <italic>A. baumannii</italic> to cause diseases and acquire resistance to numerous antibiotics, make it necessary to control and prevent these infections.
</abstract>

Department of Bacterial Physiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology

Department of Microbiology, Central Clinical Hospital, University Clinical Centre

Department of Dental Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry

Medical Center for Postgraduate Education

Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology

<italic>Acinetobacter Baumannii</italic> – Virulence Factors and Epidemiology of Infections

<trans-abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Although the topic of burns appears to be relatively well understood in the literature, there is still an apparent discontinuity in the understanding of the correlation of the pathomechanism of thermal injury with the key issue of infection within it. From the analysis of the literature, an intriguing picture emerges for both clinicians and microbiologists. Microbiological diagnosis is extremely important in burn wound infections. The correct sampling and performance of microbiological cultures allows for the identification of the etiological agent of infection and the appropriate choice of targeted antibiotic therapy based on the results of microbiological tests. This is particularly important in the era of increasing resistance of microorganisms and frequent isolation of multi-drug resistant strains. A burn, especially extensive, is a unique environment which, together with ill-considered or ineffective therapy, determines the acquisition of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms. The consequence of physiological defense of the body against injury leads to a situation where in the center of the burn wound antimicrobials may not reach MIC/MBC, which drastically reduces the chances of therapeutic success.
</trans-abstract>

Wydział Nauk Biologicznych, Zakład Mikrobiologii

Burn Wound – The Processes of its Development and Selected Etiological Factors of Infection

<trans-abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Bacteria belonging to the genus <italic>Azotobacter</italic> are the subject of many studies conducted both in Poland and around the world. The interest in this group of bacteria is largely related to their properties being very useful for agriculture. Recent studies are based on advanced molecular methods and genomic sequence of the two species: <italic>Azotobacter vinelandii</italic> and <italic>Azotobacter chroococcum</italic>. In 2009, Setubal et al. published the complete genome sequence of <italic>Azotobacter vinelandii</italic> DJ, while the full sequence of <italic>Azotobacter chroococcum</italic> 8003 genome was published by Robson <italic>et al</italic>. in publication from 2015. Both bacteria have a single, circular chromosome of 5,355,318 bp and 5,192,291 bp respectively. Understanding and comparing the genome sequence of <italic>Azotobacter vinelandii</italic> DJ and <italic>Azotobacter chroococcum</italic> 8003 answered many questions about the evolution, diversity and location of these bacteria in the environment. The sequencing of a larger number of genomes of other <italic>A. chroococcum</italic> and <italic>A. vinelandii</italic> strains would bring many benefits and would help to organize the existing knowledge about them.
</trans-abstract>

Systematyka i Analizy Genomiczne Bakterii z Rodzaju <italic>Azotobacter</italic>

<trans-abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Appropriate hand washing and disinfection procedures among medical employees are one of the basic principles of preventing healthcare-associated infections (HAI), which can significantly extend hospitalization and generate higher costs. The aim of the study was to review the available literature on the sources and transmission of HAI in the context of medical staff hand hygiene, to evaluate, whether these procedures are performed correctly and whether the hands and nails contribute to the transmission of microorganisms in the hospital environment. Medical literature was searched in PubMed and Google Schoolar databases by entering appropriate keywords. The collected literature clearly show how important is the correct hand washing procedure, short and unpainted nails and no jewellry on the hands of hospital staff in breaking the chain of nosocomial infections.
</trans-abstract>

The Impact of Hand Hygiene of Healthcare Professionals on the Transmission of Etiological Agents of Healthcare Associated Infections – HAI

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Advancements of Microbiology

 The Advancements of Microbiology (formerly Postępy Mikrobiologii) is a quarterly of the Polish Society of Microbiologists. The journal was founded in 1961, initially under the patronage of the Microbiology Committee of the Polish Academy of Sciences, and in 1989 it became the organ of the PSM. The following professors have served as Editors-in-Chief of Postępy Mikrobiologii during the period: Prof. Edmund Mikulaszek 1962 – 1972, Prof. Władysław Tomasz Dobrzański 1972 – 1982, Prof. Zdzislaw Ilczuk 1983 – 1991, Prof. Jerzy Hrebenda 1991 – 2009, Prof. Jacek Bielecki 2009 – 2022. Journal implements the Society’s main goals, like promoting the development of microbiological sciences, popularizing the achievements of microbiology among members of the Society and broad circles of readers.   Advancements of Microbiology is topical journal for scientists in several microbiological fields and often the place where the first works of young researchers are published. Advancements of Microbiology include review articles from all areas of microbiology that are not printed in other journals. Please send manuscripts with attachments to the editor's e-mail address: editorial.office@am-online.org   Due to the great thematic diversity of the articles sent to the editorial office, it is not possible to print monographic volumes. Most of the papers currently published in Advancements of Microbiology are review articles in the field of bacterial physiology, microbial genetics, environmental microbiology, applied microbiology and virology; the work in the field of epidemiology, classification and identification of bacteria and applications of molecular biology techniques in microbiological research are particularly extensive.   The editors of Advancements of Microbiology strive to print works – ordered by eminent scientists – regarding currently fashionable problems of modern science. We especially encourage Authors to write articles in the field of their expertise, which guarantees the highest scientific level. The high scientific level of the journal was reflected in the progress of the JCR citation index and the presence of our journal on the Philadelphia list. It is especially important for young Authors, for whom Advancements of Microbiology often open the way to a scientific career. The current activity of Advancements of Microbiology is based mainly on publishing reviews related to the latest scientific achievements in the field of microbiology, which, at present is characterized by unusual dynamics of development and comprehensive application possibilities. The selection of current and relevant research topics and their presentation at a high scientific level in our journal is the basis for the existence of the quarterly, Advancements of Microbiology.   Open Access Policy   This journal provides immediate open access to its content under the Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license　on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. Under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license users are free to share the work (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format), if the contribution is properly attributed and used for non-commercial purposes. The material published in the journal may not be altered or built upon.   ABOUT SOCIETY   The origin of microbiology in Poland goes back to the XIX century. Professor Odo Feliks Kazimierz Bujwid (1857 – 1942) – was the first Polish bacteriologist, who graduated from the University of Warsaw and gained experience in Berlin working with Robert Koch, and in Paris at the Ludwik Pasteur Institute.   The Polish Society of Microbiologists (PSM), formerly the Polish Society of Microbiologists and Epidemiologists, was established in Warsaw on October 31, 1927 at the first Congress of Polish microbiologists. Professor Zygmunt Szymanowski was elected the first President of PSM. The same year, PSM also became cofounder of Federation of European Microbiological Societies (FEMS) and since 2005 PSM is a member of European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID).   Within over 95 years of activity, 29 Congresses of PSM were organized and 16 professors were elected as Presidents of PSM. About 900 ordinary members and 19 honorary members, associated in 14 PSM branches all over Poland, belong to the Society.   The aims of PSM have been the same since its very beginnings: to promote the development of microbiological sciences and to popularize the achievements of microbiology among the Society’s members and the broad public. PSM organizes congresses, scientific meetings, courses and lectures and competitions of scientific papers. Two quarterly journals, the Polish Journal of Microbiology and the Advancements in Microbiology are issued by PSM. The Society formulates opinions on the conditions and needs of Polish microbiology and applies in these cases to the state authorities; cooperates with related associations in the country and abroad.   Archiving   Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico – a digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.   Plagiarism Policy   The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System’s users to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 

Advancements of Microbiology

Volume 60 (2021): Issue 4 (December 2021)

The European Medicines Agency Approved the New Antibacterial Drugs – Response to the 2017 Who Report on the Global Problem of Multi-Drug Resistance

Acinetobacter Baumannii – Virulence Factors and Epidemiology of Infections

Burn Wound – The Processes of its Development and Selected Etiological Factors of Infection

Systematyka i Analizy Genomiczne Bakterii z Rodzaju Azotobacter

The Impact of Hand Hygiene of Healthcare Professionals on the Transmission of Etiological Agents of Healthcare Associated Infections – HAI

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