Tree ring analysis as an indicator of environmental changes caused by tourist trampling — A potential method for the assessment of the impact of tourists

[1] Andersen UV, 1995. Resistance of Danish coastal vegetation types to human trampling. Biological Conservation 71(3): 223–230, DOI 10.1016/0006-3207(94)00031-K. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)00031-K10.1016/0006-3207(94)00031-KSearch in Google Scholar

[2] Bayfield NG, 1973. Use and deterioration of some Scottish hill paths. Journal of Applied Ecology 10(2): 635–644, DOI 10.2307/2402307. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/240230710.2307/2402307Search in Google Scholar

[3] Bergeron Y, Denneler B, Charron D and Girardin MP, 2002. Using dendrochronology to reconstruct disturbances and forest dynamics around Lake Duparquet, northwestern Quebec. Dendrochronologia 20(1–2): 175–189, DOI 10.1078/1125-7865-00015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/1125-7865-0001510.1078/1125-7865-00015Search in Google Scholar

[4] CDendro — http://www.cybis.se/forfun/dendro/index.htm (Accessed: 7 December 2013). Search in Google Scholar

[5] Cole DN, 1995. Experimental trampling of vegetation. I Relationship between trampling intensity and vegetation response. Journal of Applied Ecology 32(1): 203–214, DOI 10.2307/2404429. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/240442910.2307/2404429Search in Google Scholar

[6] Cole DN, 2004. Impacts of hiking and camping on soils and vegetation: a review. Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism (ed. R. Buckley), pp. 41–60. CABI Publishing, New York. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9780851998107.004110.1079/9780851998107.0041Search in Google Scholar

[7] Czochański J, 2002. Ruch turystyczny w Tatrzańskim Parku Narodowym. Użytkowanie turystyczne Parków Narodowych. (Tourist traffic in the Tatra National Park. Tourism in National Parks). (ed. J. Partyka), pp. 385–404. Instytut Ochrony Przyrody Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Ojcowski Park Narodowy, Ojców. (in Polish). Search in Google Scholar

[8] Gorczyca E and Krzemień K, 2002. Wpływ ruchu turystycznego na rzeźbę Tatrzańskiego Parku Narodowego. Przemiany środowiska przyrodniczego Tatr. (Impact of tourism on the relief of the Tatra National Park. Changes of the nature environment of the Tatra Mountains). (eds. W. Borowiec, A. Kotarba, A. Kownacki, Z. Krzan, & Z. Mirek), pp. 389–394. Tatrzański Park Narodowy, Pol-skie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk o Ziemi, Oddział Kraków, Kraków — Zakopane. (in Polish). Search in Google Scholar

[9] Gottschalk PJ and Dunn JR, 2005. Measuring Paralelism, Linearity and Relative Potency in Bioassay and Immunoassay Data. Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistic 15(3): 437–463, DOI 10.1081/BIP-200056532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/BIP-20005653210.1081/BIP-200056532Search in Google Scholar

[10] de Gouvenain RC, 1996. Indirect impacts of soil trampling on tree growth and plant succession in the North Cascade Mountains of Washington. Biological Conservation 75(3): 279–287, DOI 10.1016/0006-3207(95)00036-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(95)00036-410.1016/0006-3207(95)00036-4Search in Google Scholar

[11] Hammitt W and Cole D, 1998. Wildland recreation: ecology and management, 2nd edition. John Wiley. New York. Search in Google Scholar

[12] Hill W and Pickering CM, 2006. Vegetation associated with different walking track types in the Kosciuszko alpine area, Australia. Journal of Environmental Management 78(1): 24–34, DOI 10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.04.007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.04.00710.1016/j.jenvman.2005.04.00716099588Search in Google Scholar

[13] Holmes RL, 1983. Computer assisted quality control in tree-ring dating and measurement. Tree-Ring Bulletin 43: 69–78. Search in Google Scholar

[14] Hresko J and Bugar G, 2001. Problems of natural hazard assessment and monitoring in the Tatra Mts. Ekologia-Bratislava 20(Suppl. 1): 96–100. Search in Google Scholar

[15] Kethledge EH, Leonard RE and Richards NA, 1985. Rehabilitation of Alpine Vegetation in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State. USDA Forest Service, Northestern Experiment Station Research Paper, NE-553, Bromall, Pensylvania. 10.2737/NE-RP-553Search in Google Scholar

[16] Kissling M, Hegetschweiler KT, Rusterholz HP and Baur B, 2009. Short-term and long-term effects of human trampling on above-ground vegetation, soil density, soil organic matter and soil microbial processes in suburban beech forests. Applied Soil Ecology 42(3): 303–314, DOI 10.1016/j.apsoil.2009.05.008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2009.05.00810.1016/j.apsoil.2009.05.008Search in Google Scholar

[17] Kombol P, 2000. Rural tourism on the Croatian islands — Sustainable development and regenerative strategies. Periodicum Biologorum 102: 425–431. Search in Google Scholar

[18] Krnacova Z, Pavlickova K and Spisak P, 2001. Assumptions of the development of tourism in rural areas of Slovakia. Ekologia-Bratislava 20(Suppl. 3): 317–324. Search in Google Scholar

[19] Lance AN, Baugh ID and Love JA, 1989. Continued footpath widening in the Carrington Mountains, Scotland. Biological Conservation 49(3): 201–214, DOI 10.1016/0006-3207(89)90036-0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(89)90036-010.1016/0006-3207(89)90036-0Search in Google Scholar

[20] Li W, Ge X and Liu Ch, 2005. Hiking trails and tourism impact assessment in protected area: Jiuzhaigou Biosphere Reserve, China. Environmental monitoring and assessment 108(1–3): 279–293, DOI 10.1007/s10661-005-4327-0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-4327-010.1007/s10661-005-4327-016160792Search in Google Scholar

[21] Lorimer CG and Frelich LE, 1989. A methodology for estimating canopy disturbance frequency and intensity in dense temperate forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19(5): 651–663, DOI 10.1139/x89-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-10210.1139/x89-102Search in Google Scholar

[22] Łajczak A, 1996. Wpływ narciarstwa i turystyki pieszej na erozję gleby w obszarze podszczytowym Pilska.(Influence of skiing and hiking on soil erosion of the top of the Pilsko Massif). Studia Naturae 41: 131–159. (in Polish). Search in Google Scholar

[23] Maikhuri RK, Rana U, Rao KS, Nautiyal S and Saxena KG, 2000. Promoting ecotourism in the buffer zone areas of Nanda Devi Bio-sphere Reserve: an option to resolve people-policy conflict. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 7(4): 333–342, DOI 10.1080/13504500009470052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1350450000947005210.1080/13504500009470052Search in Google Scholar

[24] Neto F, 2003. A new approach to sustainable tourism development: Moving beyond environmental protection. Natural Resources Forum 27(3): 212–222, DOI 10.1111/1477-8947.00056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.0005610.1111/1477-8947.00056Search in Google Scholar

[25] Olive ND and Marion JL, 2009. The influence of userelated, environ-mental, and managerial factors on soil loss from recreational trails. Journal of Environmental Management 90(3): 1483–1493, DOI 10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.10.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.10.00410.1016/j.jenvman.2008.10.00419062152Search in Google Scholar

[26] Payette S, Filion L and Delwaide A, 1990. Disturbance regime of a cold temperate forest as deduced from treering patterns — the Tan-tare-ecological-reserve, Quebec. Canadian Journal of Forest Re-search 20(8): 1228–124, DOI 10.1139/x90-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-16210.1139/x90-162Search in Google Scholar

[27] Root JD and Kapnik LJ, 1972. Trail conditions along a portion of the Great Divide trail route, Alberta and British Columbia Mountains. Research Council of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta Search in Google Scholar

[28] Satchell JE and Marren PR, 1976. The effect of recreation of the ecology of natural landscapes. Nature and environment series 11, Council of Europe, Strasbourg. Search in Google Scholar

[29] Schweingruber FH, 1989. Tree Rings: basics and application of den-drochronology. Kluver Academic Publisher. Search in Google Scholar

[30] Schweingruber FG, Eckstein D, Serre-Bachet F and Bräker OU, 1990. Identification, presentation, and interpretation of event years and pointer years in dendrochronology. Dendrochronologia 8: 9–37. Search in Google Scholar

[31] Schweingruber FH, 1996. Tree Rings and Environment Dendroecology. Paul Haupt Publisher, Berne Stuttgart Vienna. Search in Google Scholar

[32] Tomczyk AM and Ewertowski M, 2013. Planning of recreational trails in protected areas: Application of regression tree analysis and geo-graphic information systems. Applied Geography 40: 129–139, DOI 10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.02.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.02.00410.1016/j.apgeog.2013.02.004Search in Google Scholar

[33] Yamaguchi DK, 1991. A simple method for cross-dating increment cores from living trees. Canadian Jornal of Forest Research 21(3): 414–416, DOI 10.1139/x91-053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-05310.1139/x91-053Search in Google Scholar

[34] Zielonka T, Holeksa J and Ciapała S, 2008. A reconstruction of flood events using scarred trees in the Tatra Mountains, Poland. Dendrochronologia 26(3) 173–183, DOI 10.1016/j.dendro.2008.06.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2008.06.00310.1016/j.dendro.2008.06.003Search in Google Scholar