<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

It is important to evenly increase the amount of scattered pollen per clone for maintaining high genetic variation in clonal seed orchards. It is thus imperative to determine not only the number of male flowers per tree, but also the amount of pollen per male flower in each clone. In this study, the existence of annual variation on the fresh weight of male flowers (FW) and the clonal and annual variation, and ramets’ variation with the same or different tree ages on the weight of pollen per male flower (WP) were investigated using 21 <italic>Abies sachalinensis</italic> clones for 3 years. The results indicated that there were significant differences in FW and WP among clones each year and the relationships between FW and WP were linearly significant for every year. WP also showed significant annual variation, while the re was also significant variation in ramets. The clonal repeatability regarding WP was 0.37—0.47 for data obtained for 2 or 3 years and the generalized linear mixed models with the random effects of clone, year, and ramet indicated that the effect of clone more strongly affected WP than other effects. These results suggested that WP on <italic>A. sachalinensis</italic> is a trait that is considerably influenced by clonal characteristics; there is thus a need to characterize this trait in each clone when using seed orchards.
</abstract>

Variation in the amount of pollen per male flower on <italic>Abies sachalinensis</italic>

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Teak (<italic>Tectona grandis</italic>) is a premier hardwood timber, extensively cultivated throughout the tropics. The study aimed to undertake the first genomic selection of teak clones using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and evaluate the prospects for prediction of stem volume (VOL), diameter (DBH), form Quality Score (QS), Specific Gravity (SG), and Heartwood Percentage (HW). Thirty-three elite teak clones from a genetic test in northern Costa Rica were genotyped at 10812 SNP loci and aligned to the teak reference genome sequence. The genomic relationship matrix revealed 7 cryptic groups of more highly related clones and within-group kinship values were consistent with full-sib families. Clone values for each of the 5 traits were calculated from 5-year field data for 26 of the geno-typed clones. Genomic prediction models were fitted to clone values using Bayesian Ridge Regression, BayesA, BayesB, BayesC, and Bayes Lasso. Predictive ability (PA) was greatest for DBH (up to 0.66), VOL (up to 0.63), SG (0.58), with 0.42 and 0.40 as the best PA for QS and HW, respectively. GWAS resulted in the discovery of 7 unique SNP markers for volume, 7 for DBH, 4 for QS, and 8 for SG. The small experimental size resulted in relatively large false discovery rates. Teak breeders are well positioned to benefit from the genomic tools and approaches to genotyping teak breeding and deployment populations on a large scale. Significant advantages are expected from widespread integration of genomic technologies into teak breeding systems to allow shortening of the breeding cycle.
</abstract>

School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences

Department of Forestry & Environmental Resources

Genomic predictions and candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms for growth, form, and wood properties of teak clones

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
The present study measured the growth traits of 98 open-pollinated half-sibling families from the second-generation clonal seed orchard of Chinese fir for 6 consecutive years from age 2 to 7, the change patterns of genetic variation in growth traits and genetic parameters were analyzed, and best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) was used for early selection to determine the excellent families. The growth traits of Chinese fir revealed highly significant differences between families, indicating that there was significant genetic variation at the family level, which serves as the foundation for exceptional family selection. The heritabilities of family and individual for H (height) ranged from 0.61 to 0.65 and 0.41 to 0.46, respectively; for DGH (the diameter at ground height)/DBH (the diameter at breast height), they were 0.55 to 0.66 and 0.35 to 0.46, respectively; and for V (tree volume), they were 0.66 to 0.70 and 0.48 to 0.49, respectively. The growth traits of genetic control were at a greater level at age 5. The findings of the coefficient of variation analysis demonstrated that the phenotypic variation coefficient were larger than the genetic variation coefficient for three growth traits at various ages. The juvenile-mature genetic and phenotypic correlations revealed an increasing tendency with age, and mainly controlled by genetic factors. Compared to other age groups for growth traits, age 5 had greater phenotypic and genetic association coefficients, as well as greater efficiency of early selection. Based on the selection method of breeding value, nine families were selected with a 9.2 % selection rate.
</abstract>

Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National  Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resource Conservation and Ecological Safety on the  Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River

Age trends of genetic variation and early selection for growth traits in <italic>Cunninghamia lanceolata</italic> open-pollinated families

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
In Mexico, <italic>Magnolia</italic> species of the section <italic>Macrophylla</italic> have been segregated based on phenotypic characteristics. However, the wide environmental variation throughout their distribution area in the eastern region of the country could be the main cause of the high degree of morphological variation among the taxa of this section. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out studies at the genetic level to confirm the taxonomic identity of these species. In the present study, the diversity and genetic structure of the populations of <italic>Magnolia rzedowskiana</italic> and <italic>M. zotictla</italic> were estimated using simple sequence repeat markers. We evaluated whether the taxonomic delimitation as independent species is consistent with their degree of genetic differentiation, comparing three regions of chloroplast DNA: trnH-psbA, ORF350, and rpl32-trnL. The DNA was obtained from four populations of the two species, which are distributed in the states of Hidalgo, Querétaro and San Luis Potosí. The populations presented intermediate–high genetic diversity (He = 0.52–0.60), limited gene flow (Nm = 0.62) and high genetic differentiation (Fst = 0.288), which may be related to their low density and strong geographic isolation, caused by the high degree of fragmentation of their habitat. The phylogenetic analysis and the genetic differentiation values indicate that each of the populations of the two <italic>Magnolia</italic> species analyzed behaves as an independent evolutionary unit, so the taxonomic delimitation of the three <italic>M. rzedowskiana</italic> populations must be reconsidered. The results obtained could be very useful for implementing management and conservation strategies for these populations in the short term.
</abstract>

Structure, diversity, and genetic delimitation of two <italic>Magnolia </italic>species endemic to eastern Mexico

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Genetic variation and performance of up to 40-year-old Norway spruce (<italic>Picea abies</italic> (L.) Karst.) families from half-diallel crosses made in natural populations where studied, and the results were compared with results from nursery test of seedlings (1-2 years from seed) and short-term farm-field tests at 6-10 years from seed. The diallel analyses revealed significant levels of additive genetic variance for growth and phenology traits. The non-additive genetic variance was generally small to moderate. Strong genetic correlations for growth performance were found between the short-term and long-term trials but not between the nursery and long-term trials. Similarly, genetic correlations for phenology traits were strong between short-term trials and long-term trials, whereas the nursery tests generally did not predict phenology at older age well. The findings indicate that early selection for growth and adaptive traits based on short-term trials is effective for improvement of long-term performance in field if the test site is not outside the normal range of deployment of the reproductive material.
</abstract>

Diallel crosses in <italic>Picea abies</italic> V. Can early testing predict long-term performance?

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Silvae Genetica

 Silvae Genetica is an international peer-reviewed journal with more than 70 years of tradition and experience in all fields of theoretical and applied forest genetics and tree breeding. It was founded by W. Langner in 1951 as "Zeitschrift für Forstgenetik und Forstpflanzenzüchtung" (Journal of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding). In a continuation of Langner’s original intention, the journal strives to make important and lasting contributions to the advancement of forest genetics and tree breeding. Topics for theoretical and applied scientific contributions include:   Population and evolutionary genetics  Conservation genetics  Ecological and population genomics  Tree breeding  Provenance research and quantitative forest genetics  Genetic interactions between trees and their pests and diseases  Tree biotechnology  Tree molecular genetics  Tree genome assembly and bioinformatics  Functional genomics    We encourage scientists to publish results on time, a series of genetic field trials, intensive genetic screening, genetic monitoring and genetic inventories. We further specifically welcome submissions of genomic studies including novel analyses of published data. Finally, we are highly interested in receiving manuscripts linking genotypes with phenotypes or the environment contributing to the potential use of genetic data for a better understanding and protection of forest ecosystems and for more efficient tree breeding.  We accept approximately 2/3 of all articles submitted.  Why to submit to Silvae Genetica?   No costs  Open access  Long tradition in publishing studies on forest genetics and tree breeding  Fair and rigorous peer-review process  High visibility   Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 

Silvae Genetica

Volume 73 (2024): Issue 1 (January 2024)

Variation in the amount of pollen per male flower on Abies sachalinensis

Genomic predictions and candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms for growth, form, and wood properties of teak clones

Age trends of genetic variation and early selection for growth traits in Cunninghamia lanceolata open-pollinated families

Structure, diversity, and genetic delimitation of two Magnolia species endemic to eastern Mexico

Diallel crosses in Picea abies V. Can early testing predict long-term performance?

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