[1 Gasteira, A., Barros. F., Martin, A., et al. Pharmacogenetic studies on antipsychotic treatment. Current status and perspectives. Actas Esp Psiquiate. 2010; 38(5): 301-16.]Search in Google Scholar
[2. Murray CJL, Lopez AD. The Global Burden Disease: A Comprehensive Assessment of Mortality and Disability from Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors in 1999 and Projected to 20120. Cambridge, MAA, Harvard University Press, 1996.]Search in Google Scholar
[3. Citrome L. Interpreting and Applying the CATIE Results: With CATIE, context is key, when sorting out Phases 1, 1A, 1B, 2E, and 2T. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2007; 4(10): 23-29.]Search in Google Scholar
[4. Johansen E, Jorgensen A.H. Effectiveness of second generation antipsychotics. A systemic review of randomized trials. BMC Psychiatry. 2008; 8: 31.10.1186/1471-244X-8-31238645718439263]Search in Google Scholar
[5. Arranz JM, Perez V, Gutierrez B, Hervas A, Pharmacogenetic Applications of Pharmacogenomic Approaches in Schizophrenia. Curr Genet Med Rep. 2013; 1: 58-64.10.1007/s40142-012-0006-y]Search in Google Scholar
[6. Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, Swartz MS, Rosenheck RA, Perkins DO, et al. Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) Investigators. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353(12): 1209-23.10.1056/NEJMoa05168816172203]Search in Google Scholar
[7. Fervaha G, Agid O, Takeuchi H, Foussias G, Remington G. Effect of antipsychotic medication on overall life satisfaction among individuals with chronic schizophrenia: findings from the NIMH CATIE study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014; 24(7): 1078-85.10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.03.00124726579]Search in Google Scholar
[8. Cacabelos R, Cacabelos P, Aliev G. Genomics of schizophrenia and pharmacogenomics of antipsychotic drugs. Open Journal of Psychiatry. 2013; 3: 46-139.9.10.4236/ojpsych.2013.31008]Search in Google Scholar
[9. Xie HG, Kim RB, Wood AJ and Stein CM. Molecular basis of ethnic differences in drug disposition and response. Annual Reviews, Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2001; 41: 815-850.10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.41.1.81511264478]Search in Google Scholar
[10. Nakajima M, Yokoi T, Mizutani M, et al. Genetic polymorphism in the 5'-flanking region of human CYP1A2 gene: effect on the CYP1A2 inducibility in humans. J Biochem (Tokyo). 1999; 125: 803- 808.10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a02235210101295]Search in Google Scholar
[11. Chida M, Yokoi T, Fukui T, et al. Detection of three genetic polymorphisms in the 5'-flanking region and intron 1 of human CYP1A2 in the Japanese population. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1999; 90: 899-902.10.1111/j.1349-7006.1999.tb00832.x592616510551315]Search in Google Scholar
[12. Sachse C, Brockmoller J, Bauer S, and Roots I. Functional significance of a C-->A polymorphism in intron 1 of the cytochrome P450 CYP1A2 gene tested with caffeine. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999; 47: 445-449.10.1046/j.1365-2125.1999.00898.x201423310233211]Search in Google Scholar
[13. Kootstra-Ros JE, Smallegoor W, and van der Weide J. The cytochrome P450 CYP1A2 genetic polymorphisms *1F and *1D do not affect clozapine clearance in a group of schizophrenic patients. Ann Clin Biochem. 2005; 42: 216-219.10.1258/000456305385779815949157]Search in Google Scholar
[14. Aklillu E, Carrillo JA, Makonnen E, et al. Genetic polymorphism of CYP1A2 in Ethiopians affecting induction and expression: characterization of novel haplotypes with single-nucleotide polymorphisms in intron 1. Mol Pharmacol. 2003; 64: 659-669.10.1124/mol.64.3.659]Search in Google Scholar
[15. Van der Weide J, Steijns LS, van Weelden, MJ. The effect of smoking and cytochrome P450 CYP1A2 genetic polymorphism on clozapine clearance and dose requirement. Pharmacogenetics. 2003; 13: 169-72.10.1097/00008571-200303000-00006]Search in Google Scholar
[16. Arranz JM and Kapur S. Pharmacogenetics in Psychiatry: Are we ready for widespread clinical use? Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2008; 6 34.: 1130-44.10.1093/schbul/sbn114]Search in Google Scholar
[17. Mahgoub A, Idle JR, Dring DG, Polymorphic hydroxylation of debrisoquine in man. Lancet. 1977; 2: 584-586.]Search in Google Scholar
[18. Tucker GT, Silias JH, Iyun AO, Lennard MS, Smith AJ. Polymorphic hydroxylation of debrisoquine. Lancet. 1977; 2: 718.10.1016/S0140-6736(77)90527-X]Search in Google Scholar
[19. Kirchheiner J, Nickcen K, Bauer M, et al. Pharmacogenetics of antidepressants and antipsychotics: the contribution of allelic variations to phenotype of drug response. Mol Psychiatry. 2004; 9: 442-473.10.1038/sj.mp.4001494]Search in Google Scholar
[20. Igelman-Sundberg M. Genetic polimorphisms of cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6): clinical consequences, evolutionary aspects and functional diversity. Pharmacogenomics J. 2005; 5: 6-13.10.1038/sj.tpj.6500285]Search in Google Scholar
[21. Agundez, J., Ledesma, M., Ladero, J et al., Prevalence of CYP2D6 gene duplication and repercussion on oxidative phenotype in a white population. Clinical Pharmacol Ther. 1994; 57: 265-269.10.1016/0009-9236(95)90151-5]Search in Google Scholar
[22. de Leon J. The AmpliChip CYP450 Test: personalized medicine has arrived in psychiatry. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2006; 6: 277-286.10.1586/14737159.6.3.27716706732]Search in Google Scholar
[23. Vandel P, Haffen E, Vandel S, et al. Drug extrapyramidal side effects. CYP2D6 genotypes and phenotypes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1999; 55(9): 659-665.10.1007/s00228005068910638395]Search in Google Scholar
[24. Jaanson P, Marandi T, Kiivet RA, et al. Maintenance therapy with zuclopentixol decanoate: association between plasma concentrations, neurological side effects and CYP2D6. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2002; 162(1): 67-73.10.1007/s00213-002-1059-512107620]Search in Google Scholar
[25. Schillevoort I, de Boer A, van der Weide J, Steijns LS, et al. Antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal syndromes and cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype: a casecontrol study. Pharmacogenetics. 2002; 12(3): 235-40.10.1097/00008571-200204000-0000811927839]Search in Google Scholar
[26. Bork J, Rogers T, Wedlund P, de Leon J. A pilot study of risperidone metabolism: the role of cytochrome P450 2D6 ultrarapid metabolizer (letter). J. Clin Psychiatry. 1999; 60: 469-76.10.4088/JCP.v60n0709]Search in Google Scholar
[27. De Leon J, Susce MT, Pan RM, Fairchild M, Koch W, Wedlund PJ. The CYP2D6 poor metabolizer phenotype may be associated with risperidone adverse drug reactions and discontinuation. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005; 66: 15-27.10.4088/JCP.v66n0103]Search in Google Scholar
[28. Kato, D., Kawanishi, C., Kishida, I et al., Effects of CYP2D6 polymorphisms on neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Eur. J. Clin Pharmacol. 63; 11: 991-996 2007.10.1007/s00228-007-0355-817701031]Search in Google Scholar
[29. Schuetz JD, Beach DL, and Guzelian PS. (1994) Selective expression of cytochrome P-450 CYP3AmRNAs in embryonic and adult human liver. Pharmacogenetics. 1994; 4: 11-20.10.1097/00008571-199402000-000028004129]Search in Google Scholar
[30. Lacroix D, Sonnier M, Moncion A, Cheron G, and Cresteil T. Expression of CYP3A in the human liver: evidence that the shift between CYP3A7 and CYP3A4 occurs immediately after birth. Eur J Biochem. 1997; 247: 625-634.10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00625.x9266706]Search in Google Scholar
[31. Koch I, Weil R, Wolbold R, et al. Interindividual variability and tissue-specificity I the expression of cytochrome P450 3A mRNA. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002; 30: 383-391.10.1124/dmd.30.10.110812228187]Search in Google Scholar
[32. Dai D, Tang J, Rose R, et al., Identification of variants of CYP3A4 and characterization of their abilities to metabolize testosterone and chloropyrifos. J. Pharmacolo Exp Ther. 2001; 299: 825-831.]Search in Google Scholar
[33. Kuehl P, Zhang J, Lin Y, et al. Sequence diversity in CYP3A4 protomers and characterization of genetic basis of polymorphic CYP3A5 expression. Net Genet. 2001; 27 (4): 383-391.10.1038/8688211279519]Search in Google Scholar
[34. van Schaik RH, de Wildt SN, van Iperen NM, et al. CYP3A4-Vpolymorphism detection by PCRrestriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and its allelic frequency among 199 Dutch Caucasians. Clin Chem. 2000; 46: 1834-6.10.1093/clinchem/46.11.1834]Search in Google Scholar
[35. van Schaik RH, de Wildt SN, Brosens R, et al. The CYP3A4*3allele: is it really rare? Clin Chem. 2001; 47: 1104-6.]Search in Google Scholar
[36. Wang A, Yu BN, Luo CH, et al. Ile118Val genetic polymorphism of CYP3A4 and its effects on lipidlowering efficacy of simvastatin in Chinese hyperlipidemic patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2005; 60: 843-8.10.1007/s00228-004-0848-715650881]Search in Google Scholar
[37. van Schaik RH, van der Heiden IP, van den Anker JN, and Lindemans J. CYP3A5 variant allele frequencies in Dutch Caucasians. Clin Chem. 2002; 48: 1668-71.10.1093/clinchem/48.10.1668]Search in Google Scholar
[38. Ambudkar SV, Dey S, Hrycyna CA, Ramachandra M, Pastan I,Gottesman MM. Biochemical, cellular, and pharmacological aspects of the multidrug transporter. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1999; 39: 361-98.10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.39.1.361]Search in Google Scholar
[39. Benet LZ, Izumi T, Zhang Y, Silverman JA, Wacher VJ. Intestinal MDR transport proteins and P-450 enzymes as barriers to oral drug delivery. Control Release. 1999; 62: 25-31.10.1016/S0168-3659(99)00034-6]Search in Google Scholar
[40. Hoffmeyer S, Burk O, von Richter O, Arnold HP, Brockmöller J, Johne A, et al. Functional polymorphism of the human multidrug-resistance gene: multiple sequence variations and correlations of one allele with P-glycoprotein expression and activity in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000; 97: 3473-3478.10.1073/pnas.97.7.34731626410716719]Search in Google Scholar
[41. Nakamura T, Sakaeda T, Horinouchi M, Tamura T, Aoyama N, Schirakawa T, et al. Effect of the mutation (C3435T) et exon 26 of the MDR1 gene on expression level of MDR1 messenger ribonucleic acid in duodenal enterocytes of healthy Japanese subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002; 71: 297-303.10.1067/mcp.2002.12205511956513]Search in Google Scholar
[42. Nikisch G, Eap CB and Baumann P. Citalopram enantiomers in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of ABCB1 genotyped depressive patients and clinical response: a pilot study. Pharmacol Res. 2008; 58: 344-347.10.1016/j.phrs.2008.09.01018940259]Search in Google Scholar
[43. Uhr M, Grauer MT, Yassouridis A and Ebinger M. Blood-brain barrier penetration and pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline and its metabolites in p-glycoprotein (abcb1ab) knock-out mice and controls. J Psychiatr Res. 2007; 41: 179-188.10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.10.00516387324]Search in Google Scholar
[44. Gex-Fabry M, Eap CB, Oneda B, Gervasoni N, Aubry JM, Bondolfi G, et al. CYP2D6 and ABCB1 genetic variability: Influence on paroxetine plasma level and therapeutic response. Ther Drug Monit. 2008; 30: 474-482.10.1097/FTD.0b013e31817d6f5d18641553]Search in Google Scholar
[45. Loscher W and Potschka H. Role of multidrug transporters in pharmacoresistance to antiepileptic drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002; 301: 7-14.10.1124/jpet.301.1.711907151]Search in Google Scholar
[46. Moons T, de Roo M, Claes S and Dom G. Relationship between P-glycoprotein and second generation antipsychotics. Pharmacogenomics. 2011; 12(8): 1193-211.10.2217/pgs.11.5521843066]Search in Google Scholar
[47. Nakagami T, Yasui-Furukori N, Saito M, et al. Effect of verapamil on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of risperidone: in vivo evidence of involvement of P-glycoprotein in risperidone disposition. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005; 78: 43-51.10.1016/j.clpt.2005.03.00916003291]Search in Google Scholar
[48. Wang D, Johnson AD, Papp AC, Kroetz DE and Sade´e W. Multidrug resistance polypeptide 1 (MDR1, ABCB1) variant 3435C>T affects mRNA stability. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2005; 15: 693-704.10.1097/01.fpc.0000178311.02878.83]Search in Google Scholar
[49. Verstuyft C, Schwab M, Schaeffeler E, et al. Digoxin pharmacokinetics and MDR1 genetic polymorphisms. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2003; 58: 809-812. 10.1007/s00228-003-0567-512698307]Search in Google Scholar
[50. Mickley LA, Lee JS, Weng Z, et al. Genetic polymorphism in MDR-1: a tool for examining allelic expression in normal cells, unselected and drug-selected cell lines, and human tumors. Blood. 1998; 91: 1749-1756.10.1182/blood.V91.5.1749]Search in Google Scholar
[51. Morita Y, Sakaeda T, Horinouchi M, et al. MDR1 genotype-related duodenal absorption rate of digoxin in healthy Japanese subjects. Pharmacol Res. 2003; 20: 552-526.10.1023/A:1023282312757]Search in Google Scholar
[52. Horinouchi M, Sakaeda T, Nakamura T, et al. Significant genetic linkage of MDR1 polymorphisms at positions 3435 and 2677: functional relevance to pharmacokinetics of digoxin. Pharmacol Res. 2002; 19: 1581-1585.10.1023/A:1020433422259]Search in Google Scholar
[53. Johne A, Kopke K, Gerloff T, et al. Modulation of steady-state kinetics of digoxin by haplotypes of the P-glycoprotein MDR1 gene. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002; 72: 584-594.10.1067/mcp.2002.12919612426522]Search in Google Scholar
[54. Cascorbi I, Gerloff T, Johne A, et al. Frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the P-glycoprotein drug transporter MDR1 gene in white subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001; 69: 169-174.10.1067/mcp.2001.11416411240981]Search in Google Scholar
[55. Kimchi-Sarfaty C, Oh JM, Kim IW, Sauna ZE, Calcagno AM, Ambudkar SV, et al. A ‘‘silent’’ polymorphism in the MDR1 gene changes substrate specificity. Science. 2007; 315: 525-528.10.1126/science.113530817185560]Search in Google Scholar
[56. Xiang Q, Zhao X, Zhou Y, Duan JL, Cui YM. Effect of CYP2D6, CYP3A5, and MDR1genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of risperidone and its active moiety. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2010; 50(6): 659-666.]Search in Google Scholar
[57. Jovanović N, et al. The role of CYP2D6 and ABCB1 pharmacogenetics in drug-naïve patients with firstepisode schizophrenia treated with risperidone. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2010; 66: 1109.10.1007/s00228-010-0850-120563569]Search in Google Scholar
[58. Shinkai T, De Luca V, Utsunomiya K, et al. Functional polymorphism of the human multidrug resistance gene (MDR1) and polydipsia-hyponatremia in schizophrenia. Neuromolecular Med. 2008; 10(4): 362-367.10.1007/s12017-008-8041-218543120]Search in Google Scholar
[59. Xing Q, Gao R, Li H, et al. Polymorphisms of the ABCB1 gene are associated with the therapeutic response to risperidone in Chinese schizophrenia patients. Pharmacogenomics. 2006; 7(7): 987-993 (2006).10.2217/14622416.7.7.98717054409]Search in Google Scholar
[60. Suzuki, Y., Tsuneyama, N., Sugai, T., Watanabe, J., Ono, S., Saito, M., Someya, T. Impact of the ABCB1 gene polymorphism on plasma 9-hydroxyrisperidone and active moiety levels in Japanese patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Pharmacol. 2013 Jun; 33(3): 411-4.10.1097/JCP.0b013e31828ecd5223609388]Search in Google Scholar
[61. Skogh, E., Sjodin, I., Josefsson, M., Dahl, M.L. High correlation between serum and cerebrospinal fluid olanzapine concentrations in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder medicating with oral olanzapine as the only antipsychotic drug. Clin Psychopharmaciol. 2011; Feb; 31(1): 4-9.10.1097/JCP.0b013e318204d9e221192135]Search in Google Scholar
[62. Lin, Y.C., Ellingrod, V.L., Bishop, J.R., Miller, D.D. The relationship between P-glycoprotein (PGP) polymorphisms and response to olanzapine treatment in schizophrenia. Ther Drug Monit. 2006; 28(5): 668-72.10.1097/01.ftd.0000246761.82377.a617038883]Search in Google Scholar
[63. Bozina N, Kuzman MR, Medved V, Jovanovic N, Sertic J, Hotujac L. Associations between MDR1 gene polymorphisms and schizophrenia and therapeutic response to olanzapine in female schizophrenic patients. J Psychiatr Res. 2008; 42(2): 89-97.10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.10.00217113599]Search in Google Scholar
[64. Kuzman, M.R., Medvedev, V., Bozina, N., Grubisin, J., Jovanovic, N., Sertic, J. Association study of MDR1 and 5-HT2C genetic polymorphisms and antipsychotic- induced metabolic disturbances in female patients with schizophrenia. Pharmacogenomics J. 2011 Feb; 11(1): 35-44.10.1038/tpj.2010.720195292]Search in Google Scholar
[65. Nyberg S, Eriksson B, Oxenstierna G, Halldin C, and Farde L. Suggested minimal effective dose of risperidone based on PET measured D2 and 5-HT2A receptor occupancy in schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1999; 156: 869-75.10.1176/ajp.156.6.86910360125]Search in Google Scholar
[66. 4-25 25. Zai CC, et al. Meta-analysis of two dopamine D2 receptor gene polymorphisms with tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia patients. Mol Psychiatry. 2007; 12: 794.10.1038/sj.mp.400202317767146]Search in Google Scholar
[67. Lencz T, Robinson DG, Napolitano B, et al. DRD2 promoter region variation predicts antipsychoticinduced weight gain in first episode schizophrenia. Pharmacogenet. Genomics. 2010; 20(9): 569-572.]Search in Google Scholar
[68. Yasui-Furukori N, Tsuchimine S, Saito M, et al. Comparing the influence of dopamine D2 polymorphisms and plasma drug concentrations on the clinical response to risperidone. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2011; 31(5): 633-637.10.1097/JCP.0b013e31822c09a721869689]Search in Google Scholar
[69. Kishida I, Kawanishi C, Furano T, Kato D, Ischigami TM and Kosaka K. Association in Japanese patients between neuroleptic malignant syndrome and functional polymorphisms of dopamine D (2) receptor gene. Mol Psyhiatry. 2004; 9(3): 293-8.10.1038/sj.mp.4001422]Search in Google Scholar
[70. Arinami T, Gao M, Hamaguchi H, Toru M, A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of dopamine D2 receptor gene in association with schizophrenia. Hum Mol Genet. 1997; 6: 577-582.10.1093/hmg/6.4.577]Search in Google Scholar
[71. Lane HY, Lee CC, Change YC, et al. Effects of dopamine D2 receptor Ser311Cys polymorphism and clinical factors on risperidone efficacy for positive and negative symptoms and social function. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004; 7: 461-470.10.1017/S1461145704004389]Search in Google Scholar
[72. Hedenmalm K, Guzey C, Dahl ML, Yue QY, and Spigset O. Risk factors for extrapyramidal symptoms during treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, including cytochrome P-450 enzyme, and serotonin and dopamine transporter and receptor polymorphisms. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006; 26: 192-7.10.1097/01.jcp.0000203200.96205.34]Search in Google Scholar
[73. Guzey C, Scordo MG, Spina E, Landsem VM, and Spigset O. Antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: associations with dopamine and serotonin receptor and tran sporter polymorphisms. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2007; 63: 233-41.10.1007/s00228-006-0234-8]Search in Google Scholar
[74. Furukori N. Clinical pharmacogenetics in the treatment of schizophrenia. Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2010; 30(2): 65-69.]Search in Google Scholar
[75. Jonsson EG, Nothen MM, Grunhage F, et al. Polymorphisms in the dopamine D2 receptor gene and their relationships to striatal dopamine receptor density of healthy volunteers. Mol Psychiatry. 1999; 4: 290-6.10.1038/sj.mp.4000532]Search in Google Scholar
[76. Thompson J, Thomas N, Singleton A, et al. D2 dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) Taq1 A polymorphism: reduced dopamine D2 receptor binding in the human striatum associated with the A1 allele. Pharmacogenetics. 1997; 7: 479-84.10.1097/00008571-199712000-00006]Search in Google Scholar
[77. Xing Q, Qian X, Li H, et al. The relationship between the therapeutic response to risperidone and the dopamine D2 receptor polymorphism in Chinese schizophrenia patients. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007; 10(5): 631-7.10.1017/S146114570600719X]Search in Google Scholar
[78. Lencz T, Robinson DG, Xu K, et al. DRD2 promoter region variation as a predictor of sustained response to antipsychotic medication in first-episode schizophrenia patients. Am J Psychiatry. 2006; 163(3): 529-31.10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.529]Search in Google Scholar
[79. Suzuki M, Hurd YL, Sokoloff P, Schwartz JC, and Sedvall G. D3 dopamine receptor mRNA is widely expressed in the human brain. Brain Res. 1998; 779(1-2): 58-74.10.1016/S0006-8993(97)01078-0]Search in Google Scholar
[80. Bakker PR, van Harten PN, Van Os J. Antipsychoticinduced tardive dyskinesia and the Ser9Gly polymorphism in the DRD3 gene: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2006; 83: 185-92.10.1016/j.schres.2006.01.010]Search in Google Scholar
[81. Lerer, B., Segman, R. H., Fangerau, H, et al. Pharmacogenetics of tardive dyskinesia. Combined analysis of 780 patients supports association with dopamine D3 receptor gene Ser9Gly polymorphism. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002; 27: 105-119.10.1016/S0893-133X(02)00293-2]Search in Google Scholar
[82. Zai, C.C., Tiwari, A.K., Basile, V., De Luca, V., Muller, H.Y., Liberman, J.A, et al. Association study of tardive dyskinesia and five DRD4 polymorphisms in schizophrenia patients. Journal of Pharmacogenomics. 2009; 9: 168-174.10.1038/tpj.2009.2]Search in Google Scholar
[83. Wang L, Fang C, Zhang A, et al. The 1019 C/G polymorphism of the 5-HT(1)A receptor gene is associated with negative symptom response to risperidone treatment in schizophrenia patients. J. Psychopharmacol. 2008; 22(8): 904-909.10.1177/0269881107081522]Search in Google Scholar
[84. Mössner R, Schuhmacher A, Kühn KU, et al. Functional serotonin 1A receptor variant influences treatment response to atypical antipsychotics in schizophrenia. Pharmacogenet. Genomics. 2009; 19(1): 91-94.]Search in Google Scholar
[85. Pompeiano M, Palacios JM, and Mengod G. Distribution of the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor family mRNAs: comparison between 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1994; 23: 163-78.10.1016/0169-328X(94)90223-2]Search in Google Scholar
[86. Roth BL, Sheffl er DJ, Kroeze WK. Magic shotguns versus magic bullets: selectively non-selective drugs for mood disorders and schizophrenia. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2004; 3(4): 353-9.10.1038/nrd1346]Search in Google Scholar
[87. Parsons MJ, D'Souza UM, Arranz MJ, Kerwin RW, and Makoff AJ. The -1438A/G polymorphism in the 5-hydroxytryptamine type 2A receptor gene affects promoter activity. Biol Psychiatry. 2004; 56: 406-1010.1016/j.biopsych.2004.06.020]Search in Google Scholar
[88. Spurlock G, Heils A, Holmans P, et al. A family based association study of T102C polymorphism in 5HT2A and schizophrenia plus identification of new polymorphisms in the promoter. Mol Psychiatry. 1998; 3: 42-9.10.1038/sj.mp.4000342]Search in Google Scholar
[89. Ozaki N, Manji H, Lubierman V, et al. A naturally occurring amino acid substitution of the human serotonin 5-HT2A receptor influences amplitude and timing of intracellular calcium mobilization. J Neurochem. 1997; 68: 2186-93.10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68052186.x]Search in Google Scholar
[90. Arranz MJ, Munro J, Sham P, et al. Meta-analysis of studies on genetic variation in 5-HT2A receptors and clozapine response. Schizophr Res. 1998; 32: 93-99.10.1016/S0920-9964(98)00032-2]Search in Google Scholar
[91. Kang RH, Choi MJ, Paik JW, Hahn SW, Lee MS. Effect of serotonin receptor 2A gene polymorphism on mirtazapine response in major depression. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2007; 37: 315-329.10.2190/PM.37.3.h]Search in Google Scholar
[92. Arranz MJ, Collier D, Sodhi M, et al. Association between clozapine response and allelic variation in 5- HT2A receptor gene. Lancet. 1995; 346: 281-2.10.1016/S0140-6736(95)92168-0]Search in Google Scholar
[93. Lattuada E, Cavallaro R, Serretti A, Lorenzi C, and Smeraldi E. Tardive dyskinesia and DRD2, DRD3, DRD4, 5-HT2A variants in schizophrenia: an association study with repeated assessment. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004; 7(4): 489-93.10.1017/S1461145704004614]Search in Google Scholar
[94. Polesskaya OO, Aston C, Sokolov BP. Allele C-specific methylation of the 5-HT2A receptor gene: evidence for correlation with its expression and expression of DNA methylase DNMT1. J Neurosci Res. 2006; 83(3): 362-73.10.1002/jnr.20732]Search in Google Scholar
[95. Clemett DA, Punhani T, Duxon MS, Blackburn TP, and Fone KC. Immunohistochemical localisation of the 5-HT2C receptor protein in the rat CNS. Neuropharmacology. 2000; 39: 123-32.10.1016/S0028-3908(99)00086-6]Search in Google Scholar
[96. Marazziti D, Rossi A, Giannaccini G, et al. Distribution and characterization of 3H.mesulergine binding in human brain postmortem. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1999; 10: 21-6.10.1016/S0924-977X(99)00045-0]Search in Google Scholar
[97. Yuan X, Yamada K, Ishiyama-Shigemoto S, Koyama W, and Nonaka K. Identification of polymorphic loci in the promoter region of the serotonin 5- HT2C receptor gene and their association with obesity and type II diabetes. Diabetologia. 2000; 43: 373-6.10.1007/s001250050056]Search in Google Scholar
[98. Hill MJ and Reynolds GP. 5-HT(2C) receptor gene polymorphisms associated with antipsychotic drug action alter promoter activity. Brain Res. 2007. 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.02.038]Search in Google Scholar
[99. Reynolds GP, Zhang ZJ, and Zhang XB. Association of antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain with a 5- HT2C receptor gene polymorphism. Lancet. 2002; 359: 2086-7.10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08913-4]Search in Google Scholar
[100. De Luca V, Mueller DJ, de Bartolomeis A, and Kennedy JL. Association of the HTR2C gene and antipsychotic induced weight gain: a meta-analysis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007; 10: 697-704.10.1017/S146114570700754717291373]Search in Google Scholar
[101. Ryu S, Cho EY, Park T, et al. -759 C/T polymorphism of 5-HT2C receptor gene and early phase weight gain associated with antipsychotic drug treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007; 31: 673-7.10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.12.02117275977]Search in Google Scholar
[102. Templeman LA, Reynolds GP, Arranz B, and San L. Polymorphisms of the 5-HT2C receptor and leptin genes are associated with antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain in Caucasian subjects with a first episode psychosis. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2005; 15: 195-200.10.1097/01213011-200504000-0000215864111]Search in Google Scholar
[103. Wallace JMT, Zai CC, Muller JC. Role of 5-HT2C receptor gene variant in antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Pharmacogenetics and Personalized Medicine. 2011; 4: 83-93.]Search in Google Scholar
[104. McCarthy S, Mottagui-Tabar S, Mizuno Y, et al. Complex HTR2C linkage disequilibrium and promoter associations with body mass index and serum leptin. Hum Genet. 2005; 117: 545-57.10.1007/s00439-005-1328-616021472]Search in Google Scholar
[105. Zhang ZJ, Zhang XB, Sha WW, Zhang XB, and Reynolds GP. Association of a polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin5-HT2C receptor gene with tardive dyskinesia in patients with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2002; 7: 670-1.10.1038/sj.mp.400105212192608]Search in Google Scholar
[106. Okada M, Northup JK, Ozaki N, et al. Modification of human 5- HT(2C) receptor function by Cys23Ser, an abundant, naturally occurring amino-acid substitution. Mol Psychiatry. 2004; 9: 55-64.10.1038/sj.mp.400135714699441]Search in Google Scholar
[107. Fentress HM, Grinde E, Mazurkiewicz JE, et al. Pharmacological properties of the Cys23Ser single nucleotide polymorphism in human 5-HT2C receptor isoforms. Pharmacogenomics J. 2005; 5: 244- 54.10.1038/sj.tpj.650031515912142]Search in Google Scholar
[108. Sodhi MS, Arranz MJ, Curtis D, et al. Association between clozapine response and allelic variation in the 5-HT2C receptor gene. Neuroreport. 1995; 7: 169-72.10.1097/00001756-199512000-00041]Search in Google Scholar
[109. Segman RH, Heresco-Levy U, Finkel B, et al. Association between the serotonin 2C receptor gene and tardive dyskinesia in chronic schizophrenia: additive contribution of 5-HT2Cser and DRD3gly alleles to susceptibility. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2000; 152: 408-13.10.1007/s00213000052111140333]Search in Google Scholar
[110. Drago A, and Serretti A. Focus on HTR2C: a possible suggestion for genetic studies of complex disorders. Am J Med Geneti B Neuropsyhiatr Genet. 2009; 105B (5): 601-637.10.1002/ajmg.b.3086418802918]Search in Google Scholar
[111. Lane HY, Liu YC, Huang CL, et al. Risperidonerelated weight gain: genetic and nongenetic predictors. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2006; 26(2), 128-134.]Search in Google Scholar
[112. Lane HY, Lin CC, Huang CH, Chang YC, Hsu SK, Chang WH. Risperidone response and 5-HT6 receptor gene variance: genetic association analysis with adjustment for nongenetic confounders. Schizophr. Res. 2004; 67(1), 63-70.]Search in Google Scholar
[114. Abi-Dargham A, Laruelle M, Aghajanian GK, Charney D, Cristal J. The role of serotonin in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia. J. Neuropsychiatr. Clin. Neuroscience. 1997; 9(1): 1-17.]Search in Google Scholar
[115. Mata I, Arranz MJ, Patiño A, et al. Serotonergic polymorphisms and psychotic disorders in populations from north Spain. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 2004; 126B(1): 88-94.10.1002/ajmg.b.2015015048655]Search in Google Scholar
[116. Arranz MJ, de Leon J. Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics of schizophrenia: a review of last decade of research. Mol. Psychiatry. 2007; 12(8): 707-747.]Search in Google Scholar
[117. Dolzan V, Serretti A, Mandelli L, Koprivsek J, Kastelic M, Plesnicar BK. Acute antipyschotic efficacy and side effects in schizophrenia: association with serotonin transporter promoter genotypes. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 2008; 32(6): 1562-1566.]Search in Google Scholar
[118. Llerena A, Berecz R, Penes-Lledo E, and Ferinas H. Pharmacogenetics of clinical response to risperidone. Pharmacogenomics. 2013; 14(2): 177-194.10.2217/pgs.12.20123327578]Search in Google Scholar
[119. Liperoti R, Onder G, Landi F, et al. All-cause mortality associated with atypical and conventional antipsychotics among nursing home residents with dementia: a retrospective cohort study. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 2009; 70(10): 1340-1347.]Search in Google Scholar
[120. Wang L, Yu L, He G, et al. Response of risperidone treatment may be associated with polymorphisms of HTT gene in Chinese schizophrenia patients. Neuroscience Letters. 2004; 414: 1-4.10.1016/j.neulet.2006.09.01417287080]Search in Google Scholar
[121. Srivastava V, Varma PG, Prasad S, et al. Genetic susceptibility to tardive dyskinesia among schizophrenia subjects: IV. Role of dopaminergic pathway gene polymorphisms. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2006; 16: 111-117.10.1097/01.fpc.0000184957.98150.0f16424823]Search in Google Scholar
[122. Weickert TW, Goldberg TE, Mishara A, et al. Catechol-Omethyltransferase val108/158met genotype predicts working memory response to antipsychotic medications. Biol Psychiatry. 2004; 56: 677-68210.1016/j.biopsych.2004.08.01215522252]Search in Google Scholar
[123. Yamanouchi Y, Iwata N, Suzuki T, Kitajima T, Ikeda M, Ozaki N. Effect of DRD2, 5-HT2A, and COMT genes on antipsychotic response to risperidone. Pharmacogenomics J. 2003; 3(6): 356-361.10.1038/sj.tpj.650021114610521]Search in Google Scholar
[124. Kang CY, Xu XF, Shi ZY, Yang JZ, Liu H, Xu HH. Interaction of catechol-Omethyltransferase (COMT) Val108/158 Met genotype and risperidone treatment in Chinese Han patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2010; 176(1): 94-95.10.1016/j.psychres.2009.02.00920053459]Search in Google Scholar
[125. Anttila S, Illi A, Kampman O, Mattila KM, Lehtimaki T, and Leinonen E. Interaction between NOTCH4 and catechol- O-methyltransferase geno types in schizophrenia patients with poor response to typical neuroleptics. Pharmacogenetics. 2004; 14: 303-307.10.1097/00008571-200405000-0000515115916]Search in Google Scholar
[126. Shoval G, and Weizman A. The possible role of neurotrophins in the pathogenesis and therapy of schizophrenia. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005; 15(3); 319-329.10.1016/j.euroneuro.2004.12.00515820422]Search in Google Scholar
[127. Pröschel M, Saunders A, Roses AD, Müller CR. Dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the human gene for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Hum. Mol. Genet. 1992; 1(5): 353.]Search in Google Scholar
[128. Cargill M, Altshuler D, Ireland J, et al. Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes Nat. Genet. 1999; 22(3): 231-238.]Search in Google Scholar
[129. Kunugi H, Ueki A, Otsuka M, et al. A novel polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene associated with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Mol. Psychiatry. 2001; 6(1): 83-86.]Search in Google Scholar
[130. Lenez T, Lipisky RH, DeRosse P, Burdick KE, Kane JM and Malhotra AK. Molecular differentiation of schizoactive disorder from schizophrenia using BDNF haplotypes. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2009; 194: 313-318.10.1192/bjp.bp.108.050401266496919336781]Search in Google Scholar
[131. Nikolac Perkovic M, Nedic Erjavec G, Zivkovic M, Sagud M, Uzun S, Mihaljevic-Peles, et al. Association between the brain-derived neurotropic factor Val66Met polymorphism and therapeutic response to olanzapine in schizophrenia patients. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2014; Epub ahead of print..10.1007/s00213-014-3515-424595507]Search in Google Scholar
[132. Szczepankiewicz A, Skibinska M, Czerski PM, et al. No association of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene C-270T polymorphism with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2005; 76(2-3): 187-193.10.1016/j.schres.2005.02.00615949651]Search in Google Scholar
[133. Xu M, Li S, Xing Q, et al. Genetic variants in the BDNF gene and therapeutic response to risperidone in schizophrenia patients: a pharmacogenetic study. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2010; 18(6): 707-712.]Search in Google Scholar
[134. Campbell DB, Ebert PJ, Skelly T, et al. Ethnic stratification of the association of RGS4 variants with antipsychotic treatment response in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2008; 63: 32-41.10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.04.018219475817588543]Search in Google Scholar
[135. Greenbaum L, Smith RC, Rigbi A, et al. Further evidence for association of the RGS2 gene with antipsychotic-induced parkinsonism: protective role of a functional polymorphism in the 3’-untranslated region. Pharmacogenomics J. 2008; 8: 186-195.]Search in Google Scholar
[136. Greenbaum L, Strous RD, Kanyas K, et al. Association of the RGS2 gene with extrapyramidal symptoms induced by treatment with antipsychotic medication. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2007; 17: 519-528.10.1097/FPC.0b013e32800ffbb417558307]Search in Google Scholar
[137. Lane HY, Liu YC, Huang CL, et al. RGS4 polymorphisms predict clinical manifestations and responses to risperidone treatment in patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008; 28: 64-68. 10.1097/jcp.0b013e3181603f5a18204343]Search in Google Scholar