Focused transhepatic electroporation mediated by hypersaline infusion through the portal vein in rat model. Preliminary results on differential conductivity
Article Category: Research Article
Published Online: Nov 29, 2017
Page range: 415 - 421
Received: Jul 02, 2017
Accepted: Oct 22, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/raon-2017-0051
© 2017 Clara Pañella, Quim Castellví, Xavier Moll, Rita Quesada, Alberto Villanueva, Mar Iglesias, Dolores Naranjo, Patricia Sánchez-Velázquez, Anna Andaluz, Luís Grande, Antoni Ivorra and Fernando Burdío
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Electroporation (EP) is the phenomenon by which the cell membrane permeability is increased when the cell is subjected to high electric fields. Such increase in membrane permeability can irreversibly alter cell homeostasis and lead to cell death, either by necrosis or apoptosis. In this case the term irreversible electroporation (IRE) is used.1,2,3,4,5 IRE is typically performed by inserting thin needle electrodes into the targeted tissue and delivering a number (8-100) of short (10-100 μs) high-voltages pulses across the electrodes, thereby producing field magnitudes in the tissue in the order of 1000 V/cm or more.3
The ideal ablation system for multiple hepatic nodules should treat the tumoural tissue while preserving the remaining healthy hepatic tissue. Unfortunately, the IRE as it is used today, does not allow the preservation of the surrounding healthy tissue. Although, it is a non-thermal technique and is credited with sparing the extracellular matrix, IRE leads to the apoptosis of either healthy or tumoural hepatic tissue where the electric field is applied.5,6,7,8,9,10 In fact, this technique is highly dependent on tissue conductivity11,12,13 and tumours have higher dielectric properties (and higher conductivities) than normal healthy tissue because of the higher sodium and water content of cancer cells.14 This higher conductivity may lead to a lower electric field in the tumoural tissue than in the surrounding healthy tissue.12
Our group recently studied the long-term effectiveness of treating a large amount of healthy hepatic tissue harbouring an implanted tumour with parallel transhepatic electrodes.15 In this study we showed that even with high electrical fields (up to 2000 V/cm) complete eradication of the tumour was infrequent even when massive destruction of nearby healthy hepatic tissue was present (expressed by life-threating ionic imbalances).16
In this context, we recently used a mathematical model aiming to assess the electrical conductivity of the liver after introducing hypertonic solution (20% NaCl) through the portal vasculature (Figure 1). This model was further validated with an
IRE application model with plate electrodes, in scattered tumoural liver without Figure 1
The aim of this study was to evaluate feasibility and safety of selectively increasing of healthy hepatic conductivity by HI through the portal vein as a means to increase the electric field in scattered tumoural nodules with transhepatic IRE.
All aspects of this study had the approval of the Ethics Committee on Animal Research of the Government of Catalonia (FBP-13-1474P2 procedure, DAAM: 7016). This animal experimental study was conducted following directives 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and Council of 22 September 2010, for the protection of animals for experimental and scientific purposes.
Two animal models were considered in the study: Group A (n = 10) Sprague Dawley rats (Charles River Laboratories, Kingston, NY, USA) and Group B (n = 8) Athymic nude rats Hsd:RH-
Group A was used to develop the HI protocol and show that it had no influence on survival rate; and group B was conceived for tumour implantation and conductivity test on changes between hepatic and tumour tissue.
Primary colorectal metastases were obtained from Bellvitge Hospital (HUB) and the Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) with approval by the Ethical Committee, and ethical and legal protection guidelines of human subjects, including informed consent, were followed. Primary metastasis was implanted orthotopically in the liver of Crl:NUFOXn1 nu mice, and when the orthoxenograft or patient derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) growth, the mice were sacrificed. Then, the tumour was minced and re-implanted in the left hepatic lobe of group B, after a quarantine period at the age of six weeks, by midline laparotomy under general anaesthesia (mixture of isofluorane and inhaled oxygen). Tumour pieces of measuring 5-8 mm2 were sutured with non-reabsorbable prolene 6/0 on the surface of the left hepatic lobe. The midline laparotomy closure was made up of a running suture within the muscle layer with reabsorbable monocryl 5/0 and skin with simple silk 5/0 stitches. The tumour grew for a mean of 20 days to allow adequate hepatic implantation. All the animals developed a tumour on the left hepatic lobe, appropriate for conductivity measurement after HI through the portal vein.
HI was applied by means of a hypersaline infusion at 20% (NaCl), which is an aqueous solution with high conductivity (204 S/m).22,23
Once anaesthetised by inhalation anaesthesia (isoflurane 4% for induction and 2.5% for maintenance with O2 0.8 L/minute), subcutaneous analgesia was administered (buprenorphine 0.05 mg/Kg). The abdomen and anterior cervical area were shaved and prepared aseptically with iodine. The liver was exposed by iterative abdominal incision and dressing pad underneath, after 7 days after the tumour implantation in group A and after mean of 20 days of tumour growth in group B. The anterior vertical cervicotomy approach allowed anterior jugular vein dissection and catheterization with a flexible plastic tube (Tygon® ND 100-80 tubing, USP corporation, USA) for deionised serum infusion (DiH2O). The infusion of hyposaline serum, DiH2O, (40 mL/Kg)18, through the anterior jugular vein, avoids the HI side effects, such as systemic hypernatremia. Prior to the HI protocol, the animals were pre-hydrated with a quarter of the total hyposaline serum (DiH2O), calculated by weight, at the same infusion rate as the HI. NaCl 20% (3.8 mL/Kg) was then injected into the portal vein by trans-splenic puncture (27G needle)18, during hyposaline infusion. The HI rate was set up to administer the dose in 1 minute. Trans-splenic puncture was used for the HI protocol, since splenic vein is a part of the portomesenteric system and infusion is more feasible than dissection of the portal vein (Figure 2).
General setting of the hypersaline infusion protocol through the portal vein in Sprague Dawley rats Figure 2
Intravenous infusion of furosemide (2 mL/Kg) was administered before and after HI protocol in order to compensate the fluid overload after intravenous administration of hyposaline serum (via jugular) and hypersaline serum (via trans-splenic).18
Hepatic and tumour conductivity were measured using the tetrapolar method following the setup employed in24. This consists of four stainless steel needles (0.25 mm of diameter and 3.5 mm of exposure) placed in a straight line with 0.5 mm between the centres of the needles. Tumour electrode was inserted at the centre of the tumour, with four-needle shape, in a way that it favoured its stability.
Measurements were performed at ten-excitation frequencies from 5 kHz to 1 MHz at a rate of one sweep per second. Signal generation and the acquisition of both current and voltage across the sample were performed by a Red Pitaya board and a front-end.25
During the surgical procedure and during the immediate postoperative period, a heat lamp or heat pad controlled the risk of hypothermia. Administered analgesia was buprenorphine 0.05 mg/Kg s.c. and meloxicam 1 mg/Kg s.c., both every 24 hours for 3 days. An oral prophylactic antibiotic was also supplied: enrofloxacin in drinking water, 500 mg/Kg, for the first 3 days. Weight was monitored periodically as an objective sign of positive outcome after catheterization and the HI protocol.
Animals were sacrificed according to modified Morton and Griffiths criteria21 if signs of suffering or distress were observed. Animals of group A were sacrificed 1 month after the procedure while animals of group B were sacrificed in case of clinical evidence of tumour dissemination (for instance, subcutaneous tumour implants). At necropsy, liver and spleen were collected from both groups. Tissue samples were fixed on formaldehyde and kept in paraffin blocks. Sections of 3 μm were prepared for routine haematoxylin-eosin staining (HEOS) slides.
All the statistics were processed by the SPSS statistical software package (SPSS, version 21, IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) and expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Since the sample was small, the Wilcoxon test was used for non-parametric data to make pairwise comparisons of weight and conductivity of healthy tissue before and after HI, in both groups. A P-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
The HI protocol was reproduced in 94.4% (17/18) of cases in group A and B. One animal died from anaesthetic problems before the HI protocol. Overall technical-related survival rate was 82.4% (14/17) after the HI protocol for both groups and there were 3 technical-related deaths (one animal in group A and 2 in group B). In all of these technical-related deaths, extra HI was administered after observing recurrent reflux of the HI through the transsplenic puncture and no correct compensation of the HI overload was possible in these cases. Two died shortly after the HI protocol and the other was sacrificed two days after when it was seen to be lethargic (see comments on this animal in histology section). During the postoperative period of the animals with HI protocol, a mean increase of weight of 100 grams was observed in the other animals in group A (from 366.5±51.6 grams to 466.5±71.9 grams at the necropsy date).
The polyclonal human colon adenocarcinoma tumour model was well implanted with a correct growth after 60-90 days and with no evidence of peritoneal carcinomatosis at necropsy in all cases. Mean tumour volume, at implantation, was 122.5±84.3 mm3 and it remained stable at the time of the HI protocol, being 121±65.11 mm3. Mean tumour volume at the necropsy was 692.8±347.3 mm3.
As expected in this tumoural model, the mean weight of the animals in group B initially increased after tumour implantation (from 158±7.33 grams to a mean maximum weight of 217.34±9.19 grams), but then decreased (156.06±39.68 grams, at necropsy) (Table 1).
Comparison between two groups A (Sprague Dawley) and B (Athimic). *PO: PostoperativeGROUP A p-value GROUP B p-value Administration of HI protocol n= 9 n=8 Weight increase during PO* (grams) 100±30.57 0.012 -1.94±37.81 0.386 Baseline Conductivity in healthy tissue (S/m) 0.10±0.02 0.13±0.02 Conductivity after HI in healthy tissue (S/m) 0.27±0.75 0.008 0.49±0.17 0.008 Baseline Conductivity in tumour tissue (S/m) NA 0.24±0.03 Therapeutic window (sec) NA 175±115
In all animals increased hepatic tissue conductivity was observed after the HI protocol. In group A, the mean baseline conductivity before administering HI was 0.10±0.02 S/m and the mean maximum conductivity peaked at 0.27±0.75 S/m. Likewise, in group B, the mean baseline hepatic conductivity was 0.11±0.02 S/m and the mean maximum hepatic conductivity after HI was 0.38±0.16 S/m (range 0.19-0.66 S/m), which was around 3.5 times higher than the baseline value (Figure 3).
Conductivity changes after hypersaline infusion protocol in a representative case of group A (Sprague Dawley) and B (Athimic rats with implanted tumour). In both groups, a sharp increase and a posterior slowing decrease of conductivity in healthy hepatic tissue was observed. On the contrary, conductivity of the tumoural tissue (Group B) was stable. Thus, it created a therapeutic window (TW), the safety period where IRE it would be applied.Figure 3
As expected, tumoural conductivity in group B was not influenced by HI (mean value: 0.24±0.03 S/m). The higher conductivity in healthy hepatic tissue created a mean TW of 175±115.23 seconds (Figure 3B), where the mean maximum hepatic conductivity after HI was 1.4 times higher (range 1.04-1.76) than tumour tissue. In this TW, electroporation could therefore be advantageously applied.
In group A, hepatic parenchyma exhibited normal architecture, with polygonal hepatocytes and preserved porta trials (Figure 4A). Congestion in vessels was seldom scattered throughout healthy hepatic tissue. No changes were present in cellular component or architecture after HI.
These were representative livers from group A (Sprague Dawley) and group B (Athimic rats with implanted tumour) after HI protocol at the 4th week of postoperative. Histological analysis revealed the indemnity of the architecture and morphology of healthy hepatocytes (H) of both groups A and B. In group B, histological samples showed that HI protocol did not interfere in tumour (T) evolution.Figure 4
Similar results to group A were found in group B, with no architectural or morphological damage after the HI protocol. However, the animal that was sacrificed two days after two extra doses of HI showed patchy areas of coagulation necrosis in the liver especially around the central veins of acini. No damage in neoplastic tissue was observed (Figure 4B).
The preliminary results show that the HI employed in this study selectively increases the conductivity of healthy tissue, so that when the electric pulses are applied to a whole hepatic section, the magnitude of the electric field in the tumours would be significantly higher than in the rest of the healthy tissue. The results also show that this infusion could be safe when it is correctly compensated as we previously demonstrated in the pilot study on pigs.17
Concerning the safety of the protocol, it should be remembered that hypersaline solutions has been extensively used to resuscitate patients with traumatic brain injury.26 It is currently assumed that the maximum dosage at 20% is 1.8 ml/Kg. Twice this dose was used in the present study (3.8 ml/Kg) combined with measures to compensate the corresponding hypernatremia (doses of hyposaline serum through the anterior jugular vein and furosemide). With this protocol all the animals survived the HI protocol, with the appropriate increase in their body weight and no histological damage being found at necropsy. The three animal deaths were related to extra HI doses (administered after observing recurrent reflux of the infusion through the trans-splenic puncture) without correct compensation for the overload.
As regards the potential translation of these conductivity results, the basal hepatic and tumoural conductivity observed are similar to those described in the literature for humans and in the tumour itself can vary up to 20%.27 For example, Laufer
In conclusion, the presented preliminary results provide evidence in favour of safety of administering HI through the portal vein when compensated and show that it may provide a therapeutic window for focused IRE treatment on tumour nodules. Further studies should be carried out to confirm these results, giving that this study is a preliminary research.