Emerging applications of nanotechnology in livestock: Updates and perspectives

Nanotechnology, defined by the manipulation of materials on an atomic or molecular scale, is revolutionizing diverse fields such as medicine and agriculture. In the livestock sector, nanotechnology holds immense promise for enhancing animal health, productivity, and welfare. In this review, we discuss the transformative potential of nanotechnology applications in livestock management, particularly in the areas of drug delivery, disease diagnostics, nutrition, and reproduction. Nanoscale particles enable targeted and controlled release of therapeutics, improving treatment efficacy and reducing side effects. The use of nanosensors for real-time health monitoring facilitates early disease detection and effective disease management. Furthermore, nanotechnology enhances feed efficiency by optimizing nutrient absorption and preventing spoilage through innovative nano-additives and coatings. In reproduction, nanoparticle-based techniques improve the success of artificial insemination and embryo transfer, thus supporting breeding programs. Despite these advancements, the integration of nanotechnology in livestock practices faces challenges related to safety, regulatory approval, and public perception. This review explores the types, synthesis, and characterization of various nanomaterials used in veterinary medicine, including metallic, polymeric, and lipid-based nanoparticles, as well as their applications in stem cell research and regenerative medicine. Current innovations in nanoparticle-mediated vaccine development and disease diagnosis are also explored. The future of nanotechnology in livestock management is likely to involve the development of integrated nanosystems that combine diagnostics, treatment, and monitoring, paving the way for more sustainable and effective agricultural practices. However, comprehensive research is needed to fully understand the long-term impacts of nanoparticles on animal health and the environment, ensuring their safe and responsible use.