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European silver fir – an alternative for the dying Norway spruce in Białowieża Forest?

Aleh Marozau
Aleh Marozau
, 
Miłosz Mielcarek
Miłosz Mielcarek
, 
Grzegorz Krok
Grzegorz Krok
, 
Rafał Paluch
Rafał Paluch
 and 
Krzysztof Chiliński
Krzysztof Chiliński
   | Jun 08, 2021
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Article Category: Original article
Published Online: Jun 08, 2021
Page range: 150 - 166
Received: Jan 02, 2021
Accepted: Feb 23, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2021-0016
© 2021 Aleh Marozau, Miłosz Mielcarek, Grzegorz Krok, Rafał Paluch, Krzysztof Chiliński, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

The scheme of the placement of groups and trees of silver fir (modification of the drawing by M. Skowroński).
The scheme of the placement of groups and trees of silver fir (modification of the drawing by M. Skowroński).

Figure 2

The number of living and dead trees by species.
The number of living and dead trees by species.

Figure 3

Location of Białowieża Forest and sample plot.
Location of Białowieża Forest and sample plot.

Figure 4

A –crown ranges and the location of individual tree trunks on the sample plot (top view); B– scanned group of trees (side view).
A –crown ranges and the location of individual tree trunks on the sample plot (top view); B– scanned group of trees (side view).

Figure 5

A – scheme of stem reconstruction (tree No. 5); B –crown shape reproduction (tree No. 1).
A – scheme of stem reconstruction (tree No. 5); B –crown shape reproduction (tree No. 1).

Figure 6

The distribution on the classes of the diameter of species growing together with silver fir.
The distribution on the classes of the diameter of species growing together with silver fir.

Figure 7

The share of living and dead trees by species.
The share of living and dead trees by species.

Figure 8

The tree-ring chronologies of silver fir and Norway spruce.
The tree-ring chronologies of silver fir and Norway spruce.

Figure 9

Dynamics of changes in diameter and height.
Dynamics of changes in diameter and height.

Statistical indicators of mother trees and their adult progeny

Indicator d (cm) h (m) V (m3)
Groups of trees * ** * ** * **
Average value 41.94 15.83 27.61 13.08 2.34 0.24
Minimum 27.5 7.5 23 4 0.84 0.02
Maximum 62.5 27.5 33 22 5.46 0.74
Dispersion 111.44 33.33 7.43 40.45 1.77 0.06
Standard deviation 10.56 5.77 2.73 6.36 1.33 0.24
The of variation coefficient (%) 25.18 36.45 9.89 48.62 56.84 100

Parameters of mother trees and their adult progeny

Numbers and symbols of trees The middle of the class of diameter [cm] The height [m] Form factor f1,3 The basal area of the tree at a height of 1.3 [m2] The volume of the trunk [m3]
Mother trees
1 62.5 33 0.54 0.307 5.46
3 42.5 28 0.55 0.142 2.18
4 27.5 26 0.58 0.059 0.90
5 32.5 26 0.58 0.083 1.25
6 57.5 29 0.55 0.260 4.14
8 37.5 27 0.56 0.110 1.67
9 32.5 23 0.59 0.083 1.13
11 57.5 30 0.55 0.260 4.28
12 42.5 28 0.55 0.142 2.18
13 37.5 27 0.56 0.110 1.67
14 47.5 26 0.58 0.177 2.67
15 32.5 26 0.58 0.083 1.25
16 47.5 31 0.55 0.177 3.02
18 32.5 26 0.58 0.083 1.25
19 52.5 33 0.54 0.216 3.86
20 42,5 27 0.56 0.142 2.14
A 42.5 27 0.56 0.142 2.14
F 27.5 24 0.59 0.059 0.84

Qualitative characteristics of mother trees

Indicator Assessment
accepted in this classification, maximal the investigated trees
positive negative
Vitality 1 5 2.08
Relative of the crown length 1 4 1.83
Trend of growth 1 5 2.61
Deformation of crown 1 4 2.11
Quality of trunk 1 4 1.89

TLS-based tree parameters

Tree No. Stem parameters Crown parameters
TLS_H [m] TLS_DBH [m] TLS_BA [m2] TLS_VOL [m3] TLS_CBH [m] TLS_CL [m] TLS_CA [m2] TLS_CVOL [m3] TLS_CS [%]
1 33.70 0.65 0.33 5.06 6.24 27.46 63.11 1546 22.33
2 23.49 0.24 0.05 0.76 9.89 13.60 19.23 274 72.06
3 27.41 0.46 0.17 2.54 6.86 20.55 38.30 830 34.32
4 24.21 0.31 0.08 0.98 6.99 17.22 32.19 512 30.74
5 22.40 0.33 0.08 0.97 6.37 16.03 34.32 452 10.55
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