Dep var. | Fertility | Male child | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2nd child born (1) | 3rd child born (2) | 3rd child born (3) | 2nd child born (4) | 3rd child born (5) | 3rd child born (6) | |
All girls | 0.043*** | 0.079*** | 0.064*** | 0.009 | 0.065*** | 0.061*** |
(0.013) | (0.017) | (0.019) | (0.012) | (0.014) | (0.015) | |
Mix | −0.023 (0.015) | −0.006 (0.011) | ||||
All girls | −0.036 | 0.002 | −0.04 | −0.024 | 0.003 | −0.031 |
(0.027) | (0.039) | (0.045) | (0.025) | (0.031) | (0.037) | |
Mix | −0.068* | −0.054* | ||||
(0.037) | (0.030) | |||||
All girls | 0.016 | 0.027 | −0.003 | 0.012 | 0.014 | 0.012 |
−0.018 | −0.025 | −0.03 | −0.018 | −0.018 | −0.022 | |
Mix | −0.046* | −0.002 | ||||
(0.024) | (0.018) | |||||
All girls | 0.013 | 0.043** | 0.029 | 0 | 0.016 | 0.013 |
(0.014) | (0.020) | (0.024) | (0.013) | (0.016) | (0.019) | |
Mix | −0.021 | −0.005 | ||||
(0.020) | (0.016) | |||||
All girls | 0.034** | 0.094*** | 0.069** | 0 | 0.056*** | 0.042* |
(0.017) | (0.023) | (0.027) | (0.017) | (0.019) | (0.023) | |
Mix | −0.040* | −0.022 | ||||
(0.022) | (0.018) | |||||
All girls | 0.029*** | 0.037*** | 0.027*** | 0.011 | 0.029*** | 0.021** |
(0.009) | (0.008) | (0.010) | (0.008) | (0.007) | (0.008) | |
Mix | −0.016** | −0.013** | ||||
(0.008) | (0.006) |
Fertility (1) | Male child (2) | |
---|---|---|
All girls | −0.008 | −0.018** |
(0.009) | (0.008) | |
Arrived at age 9+ | −0.110*** | −0.060*** |
(0.006) | (0.006) | |
All girls*arrived at age 9+ | 0.021** | 0.027*** |
(0.009) | (0.008) | |
Observations | 136,931 | 136,931 |
All girls | −0.020 | 0.001 |
(0.014) | (0.012) | |
Arrived at age 9+ | −0.138*** | −0.066*** |
(0.011) | (0.008) | |
All girls*arrived at age 9+ | 0.065*** | 0.028** |
(0.015) | (0.012) | |
Mix | −0.084*** | −0.037*** |
(0.012) | (0.010) | |
Mix*arrived at age 9+ | 0.060*** | 0.022** |
(0.013) | (0.010) | |
Observations | 75,280 | 75,280 |
Panel A: Demographics | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|
Household size | 3.99 | 0.98 |
Family income | 98,810 | 89,883 |
Mother in labor force | 0.62 | 0.49 |
Mother’s age at marriage | 27.87 | 5.86 |
Mother’s age of first birth | 26.61 | 4.74 |
Mother’s education high school and above | 0.93 | 0.25 |
Mother’s education bachelor’s degree and above | 0.46 | 0.5 |
Father in labor force | 0.92 | 0.27 |
Father’s education high school and above | 0.89 | 0.31 |
Father’s education bachelor’s degree and above | 0.39 | 0.49 |
First-generation immigrants | 0.21 | 0.41 |
Year of migration | 2000.7 | 9.68 |
Immigrants from East, SE Asian countries and regions | 0.07 | 0.26 |
Immigrants from China | 0.01 | 0.1 |
Immigrants from Japan | 0.003 | 0.05 |
Immigrants from Korea | 0.01 | 0.07 |
Immigrants from the Philippines | 0.01 | 0.1 |
Immigrants from Vietnam | 0.01 | 0.08 |
Immigrants from India | 0.02 | 0.15 |
Higher-order generation immigrants (SE Asian countries) | 0.02 | 0.14 |
Number of children | 1.91 | 0.89 |
% of household with all girls | 0.3 | 0.46 |
% of household with all boys | 0.32 | 0.47 |
% of household with mix | 0.38 | 0.49 |
Dep var. | Fertility | Male child | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2nd child born (1) | 3rd child born (2) | 3rd child born (3) | 2nd child male (4) | 3rd child male (5) | 3rd child male (6) | |
All girls | −0.002 | 0.032*** | −0.004 | −0.005*** | 0.019*** | −0.003 |
(0.001) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.002) | |
Mix | -0.056*** | −0.035*** | ||||
(0.002) | (0.002) | |||||
All girls | −0.004*** | 0.030*** | −0.008*** | −0.005*** | 0.018*** | −0.005*** |
(0.002) | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | |
Mix | -0.060*** | −0.037*** | ||||
(0.002) | (0.002) | |||||
All girls | 0.006** | 0.038*** | 0.014*** | −0.002 | 0.023*** | 0.008** |
(0.003) | (0.004) | (0.005) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.004) | |
Mix | −0.039*** | −0.024*** | ||||
(0.004) | (0.003) | |||||
All girls | −0.002 | 0.034*** | 0.007 | −0.005 | 0.019*** | 0.002 |
(0.004) | (0.005) | (0.006) | (0.004) | (0.004) | (0.005) | |
Mix | −0.042*** | −0.026*** | ||||
(0.005) | (0.004) | |||||
All girls | 0.023*** | 0.050*** | 0.031*** | 0.005 | 0.035*** | 0.024*** |
(0.005) | (0.006) | (0.008) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.006) | |
Mix | −0.029*** | −0.017*** | ||||
(0.006) | (0.005) |
Full sample | Natives | First-generation immigrants | Non-South East Asian immigrants | South East Asian immigrants | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All girls | 0.005*** | 0.006*** | 0.003** | 0.003*** | 0.002 |
(0.000) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
Number of observations | 1,112,703 | 874,581 | 249,433 | 171,255 | 78,178 |
Dep var. | Fertility | Male child | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2nd child born (1) | 3rd child born (2) | 3rd child born (3) | 2nd child male (4) | 3rd child male (5) | 3rd child male (6) | |
All girls | 0.01 | 0.046*** | 0.018 | −0.003 | 0.019* | −0.007 |
(0.010) | (0.014) | (0.016) | (0.009) | (0.011) | (0.013) | |
Mix | −0.045*** | −0.041*** | ||||
(0.013) | (0.011) | |||||
All girls | 0.015 | 0.036 | −0.007 | 0.007 | 0.028 | 0.002 |
(0.021) | (0.029) | (0.035) | (0.020) | (0.025) | (0.029) | |
Mix | −0.068** | −0.041* | ||||
(0.029) | (0.023) | |||||
All girls | −0.002 | 0.105** | 0.046 | −0.001 | 0.074** | 0.023 |
(0.030) | (0.042) | (0.052) | (0.028) | (0.033) | (0.041) | |
Mix | −0.090** | −0.078** | ||||
(0.041) | (0.033) | |||||
All girls | 0.005 | 0.061** | 0.049 | −0.003 | 0.009 | −0.02 |
(0.019) | (0.027) | (0.032) | (0.018) | (0.021) | (0.025) | |
Mix | −0.018 | −0.046** | ||||
(0.026) | (0.021) | |||||
All girls | 0.018 | 0.073 | 0.005 | 0.051 | −0.031 | −0.071 |
(0.042) | (0.066) | (0.077) | (0.040) | (0.051) | (0.062) | |
Mix | −0.098* | −0.057 | ||||
(0.057) | (0.051) | |||||
All girls | 0.035 | 0.088** | 0.109*** | −0.029 | 0.058** | 0.076*** |
(0.027) | (0.035) | (0.040) | (0.025) | (0.027) | (0.028) | |
Mix | 0.032 | 0.028 | ||||
(0.033) | (0.021) |
Dep var. | Fertility | Male child | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2nd child born (1) | 3rd child born (2) | 3rd child born (3) | 2nd child born (4) | 3rd child born (5) | 3rd child born (6) | |
All girls | 0.012* | 0.080*** | 0.069*** | 0.004 | 0.057*** | 0.050*** |
(0.006) | (0.008) | (0.009) | (0.005) | (0.006) | (0.007) | |
Mix | −0.018*** | −0.010* | ||||
(0.007) | (0.005) | |||||
All girls | −0.020* | 0.009 | −0.030* | −0.017* | 0.002 | −0.013 |
(0.011) | (0.014) | (0.017) | (0.010) | (0.011) | (0.014) | |
Mix | −0.061*** | −0.023* | ||||
(0.015) | (0.012) | |||||
All girls | 0.012 | 0.066*** | 0.040*** | 0.007 | 0.033*** | 0.015* |
(0.007) | (0.009) | (0.011) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.009) | |
Mix | −0.041*** | −0.027*** | ||||
(0.009) | (0.007) | |||||
All girls | 0.007 | 0.042*** | 0.024** | 0.002 | 0.028*** | 0.016* |
(0.006) | (0.008) | (0.010) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.008) | |
Mix | −0.029*** | −0.018*** | ||||
(0.008) | (0.007) | |||||
All girls | 0.010 | 0.057*** | 0.026** | 0.005 | 0.024*** | 0.003 |
(0.007) | (0.010) | (0.012) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.010) | |
Mix | −0.047*** | −0.032*** | ||||
(0.010) | (0.008) | |||||
All girls | 0.018*** | 0.068*** | 0.056*** | 0.017*** | 0.048*** | 0.045*** |
(0.005) | (0.005) | (0.006) | (0.004) | (0.005) | (0.005) | |
Mix | −0.017*** | −0.004 | ||||
(0.005) | (0.004) |
Full sample | Natives | First-generation immigrants | Non-SE Asian immigrants | SE Asian immigrants | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All girls | −0.002 | −0.004*** | 0.006** | −0.002 | 0.023*** |
(0.001) | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.005) | |
Mother’s education high school | −0.090*** | −0.092*** | −0.081*** | −0.079*** | −0.080*** |
and above | (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.012) |
Mother’s education bachelor’s | −0.053*** | −0.046*** | −0.087*** | −0.056*** | −0.094*** |
degree and above | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.004) | (0.005) | (0.007) |
Mother’s age at marriage | −0.015*** | −0.017*** | −0.009*** | −0.009*** | −0.009*** |
(0.001) | (0.001) | 0.000 | 0.000 | (0.001) | |
Family income | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | 0.000*** |
(0.001) | (0.001) | 0.000 | 0.000 | (0.001) | |
Father’s education high school | −0.007*** | −0.002 | −0.020*** | −0.021*** | 0.016 |
and above | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.012) |
Father’s education bachelor’s | 0.011*** | 0.022*** | −0.025*** | 0.015*** | −0.043*** |
degree and above | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.004) | (0.005) | (0.007) |
Male Household | 0.011*** | 0.004** | 0.024*** | 0.014*** | 0.019*** |
(0.001) | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.006) | |
Mother’s age | 0.023*** | 0.024*** | 0.019*** | 0.015*** | 0.030*** |
(0.001) | (0.001) | 0.000 | 0.000 | (0.001) | |
Constant | 0.227*** | 0.396*** | 0.282*** | 0.399*** | −0.03 |
(0.019) | (0.018) | (0.065) | (0.075) | (0.139) | |
Number of observations | 480,360 | 383,683 | 101,310 | 66,718 | 34,592 |
Spouse’s birthplace or ancestry | First-generation immigrants | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
China | Japan | Korea | Philippines | Vietnam | India | |
China | 0.77 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
Japan | 0.01 | 0.38 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Korea | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.65 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Philippines | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.61 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Vietnam | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.82 | 0.00 |
India | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.92 |
China | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
Japan | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Korea | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
Philippines | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Vietnam | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.24 | 0.00 |
India | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.33 |
Dep var. | Has 3rd child | 3rd child is male | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Main sample (1) | Asian mom and dad (2) | Asian mom and non-Asian dad (3) | Asian dad and non-Asian mom (4) | Main sample (5) | Asian mom and dad (6) | Asian mom and non-Asian dad (7) | Asian dad and non-Asian mom (8) | |
All girls | 0.069*** | 0.090*** | 0.003 | −0.038 | 0.050*** | 0.068*** | 0.006 | −0.015 |
(0.009) | (0.010) | (0.032) | (0.060) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.025) | (0.048) | |
13,301 | 10,456 | 1,172 | 491 | 13,301 | 10,456 | 1,172 | 491 | |
All girls | −0.030* | −0.064*** | −0.011 | −0.092* | −0.013 | −0.037* | 0.008 | −0.083* |
(0.017) | (0.025) | (0.028) | (0.055) | (0.014) | (0.020) | (0.022) | (0.044) | |
4,267 | 2,067 | 1,708 | 545 | 4,267 | 2,067 | 1,708 | 545 | |
All girls | 0.040*** | 0.053*** | 0.004 | −0.009 | 0.015* | 0.026** | −0.015 | 0.039 |
(0.011) | (0.013) | (0.024) | (0.061) | (0.009) | (0.010) | (0.019) | (0.049) | |
10,368 | 6,976 | 2,546 | 536 | 10,368 | 6,976 | 2,546 | 536 | |
All girls | 0.024** | 0.036*** | −0.001 | −0.017 | 0.016* | 0.026** | 0.005 | 0.069** |
(0.010) | (0.013) | (0.018) | (0.037) | (0.008) | (0.011) | (0.015) | (0.032) | |
15,092 | 8,872 | 4,474 | 1,320 | 15,092 | 8,872 | 4,474 | 1,320 | |
All girls | 0.026** | 0.027* | −0.003 | 0.105 | 0.003 | 0.002 | −0.001 | 0.065 |
(0.012) | (0.014) | (0.042) | (0.069) | (0.010) | (0.011) | (0.034) | (0.057) | |
10,264 | 8,406 | 937 | 431 | 10,264 | 8,406 | 937 | 431 | |
All girls | 0.056*** | 0.057*** | −0.069 | 0.020 | 0.045*** | 0.048*** | −0.046 | 0.068* |
(0.006) | (0.007) | (0.062) | (0.047) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.055) | (0.036) | |
19,890 | 18,422 | 397 | 724 | 19,890 | 18,422 | 397 | 724 |
Dep var. | Fertility | Male child | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2nd child born (1) | 3rd child born (2) | 3rd child born (3) | 2nd child male (4) | 3rd child male (5) | 3rd child male (6) | |
All girls | −0.003 | 0.025*** | −0.008 | −0.002 | 0.017** | −0.004 |
(0.007) | (0.009) | (0.011) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.009) | |
Mix | −0.052*** | −0.032*** | ||||
(0.009) | (0.007) | |||||
All girls | −0.012 | −0.010 | −0.044** | −0.002 | −0.002 | −0.025 |
(0.012) | (0.016) | (0.020) | (0.011) | (0.013) | (0.016) | |
Mix | −0.053*** | −0.035*** | ||||
(0.017) | (0.013) | |||||
All girls | 0.000 | 0.020 | −0.028 | 0.013 | 0.023* | 0.008 |
(0.011) | (0.015) | (0.018) | (0.011) | (0.012) | (0.015) | |
Mix | −0.073*** | −0.024** | ||||
(0.015) | (0.012) | |||||
All girls | −0.020 | 0.075*** | 0.059* | −0.024 | 0.054** | 0.045* |
(0.020) | (0.026) | (0.032) | (0.018) | (0.021) | (0.025) | |
Mix | −0.025 | −0.014 | ||||
(0.026) | (0.020) | |||||
All girls | −0.004 | 0.042*** | 0.014 | 0.005 | 0.018 | 0.001 |
(0.011) | (0.016) | (0.019) | (0.010) | (0.012) | (0.015) | |
Mix | −0.042*** | −0.027** | ||||
(0.015) | (0.013) | |||||
All girls | 0.024 | 0.034 | −0.011 | 0.013 | 0.001 | −0.027 |
(0.030) | (0.044) | (0.053) | (0.027) | (0.037) | (0.045) | |
Mix | −0.069* | −0.042 | ||||
(0.041) | (0.034) | |||||
All girls | 0.026 | 0.068*** | 0.062** | −0.003 | 0.040** | 0.032 |
(0.019) | (0.025) | (0.029) | (0.018) | (0.019) | (0.022) | |
Mix | −0.010 | −0.012 | ||||
(0.025) | (0.018) |
Panel A: Demographics | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|
Household size | 4.09 | 1.27 |
Family income | 25,120 | 25,341 |
Mother in labor force | 0.97 | 0.18 |
Mother’s age at marriage | 25.68 | 3.87 |
Mother’s age of first birth | 27.73 | 4.39 |
Mother’s education high school and above | 0.90 | 0.30 |
Mother’s education bachelor’s degree and above | 0.54 | 0.50 |
Father in labor force | 0.97 | 0.18 |
Father’s education high school and above | 0.91 | 0.29 |
Father’s education bachelor’s degree and above | 0.57 | 0.49 |
First-generation immigrants | 0.74 | 0.44 |
Year of migration | 1992 | 11.98 |
Immigrants from East, SE Asian countries and regions | 0.70 | 0.46 |
Immigrants from China | 0.13 | 0.34 |
Immigrants from Japan | 0.04 | 0.19 |
Immigrants from Korea | 0.09 | 0.29 |
Immigrants from the Philippines | 0.14 | 0.34 |
Immigrants from Vietnam | 0.09 | 0.28 |
Immigrants from India | 0.20 | 0.40 |
Higher-order generation immigrants (SE Asian countries) | 0.10 | 0.30 |
Number of children | 1.72 | 0.76 |
% of household with all girls | 0.33 | 0.47 |
% of household with all boys | 0.35 | 0.48 |
% of household with mix | 0.32 | 0.47 |