<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<p>This paper presents a PhD program examining the formation and governance patterns of the social and spatial concentration of creative people and creative businesses in cities. It develops a typology for creative places, adding the terms ‘scene’ and ‘quarter’ to ‘clusters’, to fill in the literature gap of partial emphasis on the ‘creative clusters’ model as an organising mechanism for regional and urban policy.</p>
<p>The framework is then applied to China, specifically to Hangzhou, a second-tier city in central eastern China that is ambitious to become a ‘national cultural and creative industries centre’. Drawing on in-depth interviews with initiators, managers and creative professionals from three cases selected respectively for scene, quarter and cluster, together with extensive documentary analysis, the paper investigates the composition of actors, characteristics of the locality and the diversity of activities of the three places. The findings demonstrate a convergence of the three terms. Furthermore, in China, planning and government intervention is the key to the governance of creative places; spontaneous development processes exist, but these need a more tolerant environment, a greater diversity of cultural forms and more time to develop. Moreover, the main business development model is still real estate based: this model needs to incorporate more mature business models and an enhanced IP protection system. Finally, the business strategies need to be combined with a self-management model for the creative class, and a collaborative governance mechanism with other stakeholders such as government, real estate developers and education providers.</p></abstract>

This paper presents a PhD program examining the formation and governance patterns of the social and spatial concentration of creative people and creative businesses in cities. It develops a typology for creative places, adding the terms ‘scene’ and ‘quarter’ to ‘clusters’, to fill in the literature gap of partial emphasis on the ‘creative clusters’ model as an organising mechanism for regional and urban policy.
The framework is then applied to China, specifically to Hangzhou, a second-tier city in central eastern China that is ambitious to become a ‘national cultural and creative industries centre’. Drawing on in-depth interviews with initiators, managers and creative professionals from three cases selected respectively for scene, quarter and cluster, together with extensive documentary analysis, the paper investigates the composition of actors, characteristics of the locality and the diversity of activities of the three places. The findings demonstrate a convergence of the three terms. Furthermore, in China, planning and government intervention is the key to the governance of creative places; spontaneous development processes exist, but these need a more tolerant environment, a greater diversity of cultural forms and more time to develop. Moreover, the main business development model is still real estate based: this model needs to incorporate more mature business models and an enhanced IP protection system. Finally, the business strategies need to be combined with a self-management model for the creative class, and a collaborative governance mechanism with other stakeholders such as government, real estate developers and education providers.

Scenes, Quarters and Clusters: the Formation and Governance of Creative Places in Urban China

Cultural Science

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

This paper presents a PhD program examining the formation and governance patterns of the social and spatial concentration of creative people and creative...

Ideal 166 (scene)		WHLECC (quarter)	LOFT49 (cluster)
Actors (who)	Cultural entrepreneurs, creative individuals and fans	Binjiang government, enterprises, CAA	Cultural entrepreneurs

Locality (where)	Industrial site, moderate accessibility, mobile	Rural locale, improving accessibility	Industrial site, poor accessibility, insufficient public facility

Activities (what)	Creative exchange, production and consumption, cultural promotion activities	Mixed activities, production, animation festival, urban regeneration	Production, cultural activities

Scenes, Quarters and Clusters: the Formation and Governance of Creative Places in Urban China

Published Online: Jul 04, 2012

Page range: 8 - 27

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/csci.44

© 2012 Wen Wen, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Comparison of LOFT49, WHLECC and Ideal 166