<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Models (paradigms) and former interpretations have often been presupposed when conducting field research. In the 19th century diamictites were for the first time interpreted to have originated from ancient glaciations. These interpretations have to a large part prevailed in the geological community, although there has been much progress in the areas of sedimentology, glaciology and physical geography. The present work is an effort to find criteria which most clearly discriminate between geological features produced by different processes, mainly glaciation and mass flow, the latter predominantly sediment gravity flows. Geological features which have been interpreted to have formed by glaciation throughout pre-Pleistocene Earth history are compared to similar-appearing geological features formed by mass flow and tectonics, so as to uncover variations in the appearance between features resulting from these different processes. The starting point for this comparison is documentation of the appearance of Quaternary products of erosion and deposition, in order to discern the origin of older formations. It is shown that the appearance and origin of pavements, dropstones, valleys, small-scale landforms, surface microtextures and most other geological features may in some cases be equivocal, but in others the details are indicative of the process which generated the feature. Detailed geological field data which have been compiled by geologists from outcrops of pre-Pleistocene strata, more often than is considered in most papers, commonly point to a mass flow origin, mainly a sediment gravity flow origin, rather than a glaciogenic origin. A process of multiple working hypotheses or interpretations is therefore advocated, based mainly on a comparison of the appearance of features formed by different geological processes documented from different research disciplines. Instead of starting with current interpretations or models, this multiple working hypothesis or methodology helps to avoid confirmation bias and jumping to conclusions.
</abstract>

Patterns, processes and models – an analytical review of current ambiguous interpretations of the evidence for pre-Pleistocene glaciations

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Fossil pearls are rare but important palaeoecological indicators in proving the former presence of parasites. A single right valve of <italic>Hyotissa hyotis</italic> from the Pliocene of Sidi Brahim shows numerous blister pearls inside the adductor muscle imprint. At the same locality, numerous shells with smooth adductor scars and without any blisters, have been collected. The structures in the studied valve can be assigned to blister pearls with high confidence due to their similarity to other Cenozoic pearls from Austria. The blister pearls likely formed as a reaction to parasite infestation. It is possible that some parasites especially targeted areas associated with the adductor muscles in the oyster genus <italic>Hyotissa</italic>, because similar blister pearls have previously been described in a congeneric species, <italic>H. squarrosa</italic>, from the Miocene of Austria.
</abstract>

University of Oran 2 – Mohamed Ben Ahmed

Algeria – Faculty of Earth Sciences and Universe, Laboratory of Paleontology

First record of blister pearls in the oyster <italic>Hyotissa hyotis</italic> (Linné, 1758) from Pliocene deposits at Sidi Brahim, Lower Chelif Basin (north-west Algeria)

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The studied crevasse-splay complex, situated within the 1st Mid-Polish lignite seam (MPLS-1), ranks amongst the best-developed and most readily accessible for direct research of all hard coal and lignite occurrences worldwide. The sandy-coaly sediments constituting it required a number of field and laboratory tests. However, the present article focuses solely on sedimentological and statistical analyses of sediments along a selected key section, the most important results of which are presented below. First of all, data obtained in previous sedimentological studies have been confirmed, in that individual segments of this complex represent both subaerial and subaqueous types of crevasse splays. On the one hand, their sediments are characterised by an extremely high content of coalified organic matter, reaching 20–40 wt.% in some samples; on the other, these crevasse splays are composed of fine sands with a median and mean grain size of 0.15 mm. In addition, the remaining statistical parameters (standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis) indicate a very good sorting of these sands, no significant so-called ‘tails’ and a better sorting close to the sediment mean grain size value, respectively.
</abstract>

Facies and statistical analyses of a crevasse-splay complex at the Tomisławice opencast lignite mine in central Poland

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Jenny’s soil formation equation places soil morphogenesis as a response to climate (cl), biota (o), relief (r), parent material (p), and time (t), written thus: s= <italic>f</italic> (cl, o, r, p, t…), where each variable is considered independent. Because some soils and paleosols contain cosmic impact/airburst evidence, recent soil morphogenesis research requires a rewritten equation: s= <italic>f</italic> (cl, o, r, p, t, <bold>c</bold>…<bold>)</bold>, where c = cosmic. This addition serves to alert researchers to the presence of cosmic input to soils under investigation as part of geological and geomorphological projects. In particular, research targeting the cause of the Younger Dryas Climatic Divide (YDCD) might focus only on pollen in European glaciolacustrine sediments, reversal of the marine thermohaline circulation in the N. Atlantic Ocean, and possible reversal of postglacial warming at the Allerød termination (12.8 ka), when a search for cosmic grains may change the research outcome. Hence, the importance of the ‘c’ addition to Jenny’s factor analysis of soil morphogenesis.
</abstract>

Critical assessment of Jenny’s soil forming equation in light of cosmic airbursts on the Viso Massif

Book reviews

<bold>Pliny and the eruption of Vesuvius</bold>, by Pedar W. Foss, 2022. Routledge, 1st edition; 334 pages. Hardback: price £136.00, e-book: price £39.99; ISBN: 978-0415705462.

Authors of articles published in Geologos in 2023 – brief information

Thanks to the journal’s reviewers

AHEAD OF PRINT

Volume 29 (2023): Issue 3 (December 2023)

Volume 29 (2023): Issue 2 (August 2023)

Volume 29 (2023): Issue 1 (April 2023)

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Volume 28 (2022): Issue 2 (August 2022)

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Volume 27 (2021): Issue 3 (December 2021)

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Volume 25 (2019): Issue 1 (April 2019)

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Geologos

GEOLOGOS is an international, peer-reviewed journal publishing research results and review articles covering all earth-science disciplines, with a focus on the geology of central and eastern Europe. Studies on areas of poorly known geology (e.g. Asia and Africa) are also published. Articles from non-European areas should be universal and problem-related, while purely regional issues are avoided.  Over the last years, Geologos has published studies on many topics, including:    mineralogy and geochemistry  sedimentology (siliciclastics and carbonates, sedimentary structures, facies analysis)  palaeontology (invertebrate palaeontology, trace fossils, micropalaeontology)  stratigraphy and petroleum geology (sequence stratigraphy)  glacial geology (Pleistocene palaeogeography and stratigraphy, lithology of glaciogenic deposits)  hydrogeology (groundwater circulation, groundwater flow models, drainage systems, deep aquifers)  meteorites (Morasko meteorite fall).    GEOLOGOS has been issued since 1995 as the journal of the Institute of Geology, Adam Mickiewicz University (AMU) in Poznań, Poland.  GEOLOGOS is an open access journal; all content is freely available without charge.  Three issues of GEOLOGOS are published each year. Electronic versions of all papers are published on the Sciendo platform.  Why subscribe and read    Journal on geology of Central and Eastern Europe as well as other areas of poorly known geology   Why submit    Quick publication, colour pages free of chargé. To publish in GEOLOGOS, authors are not required to pay an Article Processing Charge.   Reviewing    Each manuscript, as a rule, is reviewed by two referees, commonly one Polish and one foreign. Reviews are double-blind.   Rejection Rate    About 40%    Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 

Geologos

Volume 29 (2023): Issue 3 (December 2023)

Patterns, processes and models – an analytical review of current ambiguous interpretations of the evidence for pre-Pleistocene glaciations

First record of blister pearls in the oyster Hyotissa hyotis (Linné, 1758) from Pliocene deposits at Sidi Brahim, Lower Chelif Basin (north-west Algeria)

Facies and statistical analyses of a crevasse-splay complex at the Tomisławice opencast lignite mine in central Poland

Critical assessment of Jenny’s soil forming equation in light of cosmic airbursts on the Viso Massif

Book reviews

Pliny and the eruption of Vesuvius, by Pedar W. Foss, 2022. Routledge, 1st edition; 334 pages. Hardback: price £136.00, e-book: price £39.99; ISBN: 978-0415705462.

Authors of articles published in Geologos in 2023 – brief information

Thanks to the journal’s reviewers

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