<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<sec><h3>Subject and purpose of work: </h3>
<p>The aim of the study is to analyse how the main financial data of d ouble-entry b ookkeeping f ood p rocessing e nterprises r eflect t he e ffects o f t he i ndicated economic environment.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Materials and methods: </h3>
<p>The evaluation was fundamentally based on ratios calculated on the basis of the statement of financial position and the income statement as well as trend analysis and financial indicators.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Results: </h3>
<p>The number of Hungarian food processing enterprises has been gradually decreasing over the period under review. Both turnover and expenditure show linear growth at current prices, with increases in the various result categories. The asset structure is stable, and profitability is improving.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Conclusions: </h3>
<p>The number of companies and the employment in the sector have been steadily declining in recent years, while efficiency is increasing. The increase in profits in the food industry is remarkable for all branches of the economy. The sector is adapting well to the negative effects of the changing economic environment.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Development of the financial situation of Hungarian food industry enterprises – changes between 2017 and 2021

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<sec><h3>Subject and purpose of work: </h3>
<p>The paper examines two of the most important sectors of agriculture, crop and livestock production, in a time series analysis. The authors analyzed the number of enterprises, the number of employees, labor costs, turnover, and balance sheet total, and also assessed the evolution of liquidity and profitability in the two sectors, broken down by size.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Materials and methods: </h3>
<p>The results of livestock and crop production were examined separately for the period 2008-2020. The analysis was based on aggregated data from the National Tax and Customs Administration in Hungary. Enterprises with the NACE REV 0140 for animal husbandry and 0110 for crop production were studied. In the research time series analysis and, where possible, trend analysis were performed.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Results: </h3>
<p>In the research, the following indicators were examined using time series analysis in both crop and livestock production: the number of companies, the number of employees, the net sales revenue, the composition of net sales, the development of the balance sheet total, cost structure, labor costs, the quick ratio of liquidity, and the ROA indicator.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Conclusions: </h3>
<p>Agricultural enterprises are most affected by the downward trend during the period under review, with the exception that the animal husbandry sector started to decline earlier than the crop production sector.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Changes in the performance of the agricultural sector in Hungary due to the 2008 economic crisis and COVID-19 pandemic

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<sec><h3>Subject and purpose of work:</h3>
<p>The purpose of the article is to study the peculiarities of the development of environmental cross-border cooperation, as well as to determine the prospects and ways of deepening interregional Ukrainian-Polish cooperation in the environmental sphere. The relevant international environmental cooperation of the states contributes to the improvement of the environment and provides a defined level of environmental safety. The challenges of international economic greening as well as the needs in cooperation between the neighboring states indicate that studying of the ecological state on the cross-border territories is considered to be of great significance.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Materials and methods: </h3>
<p>The methods used are the analytical and descriptive ones based on the critical literature review and an experiential reflective attitude on the key issues concerning the cross-border cooperation, ecological safety, and prospects of development of environmental cooperation.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Results: </h3>
<p>The role of cross-border cooperation in ensuring environmental security was studied in the article. The strategic priorities of Ukrainian-Polish environmental cooperation were considered. As a result of the analysis of the current state and the achieved results, the prospects for further ecological cooperation between Ukraine and the Republic of Poland in the conditions of European integration were revealed.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Conclusions: </h3>
<p>It is concluded that to assure the development of the Ukrainian-Polish cross-border environmental cooperation and to build the ecological safety system on the trans-frontier territories it is required at the regional level to establish partnership relationships in the environmental and economic sector; to intensify the environmental and economic international cooperation at various cross-border scales; to create a network of cross-border environmental information centers; to promote the environmental public education in the border regions of the neighboring states etc.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Prospects for the development of Ukrainian-Polish cross-border cooperation in the environmental sphere

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<sec><h3>Subject and purpose of work: </h3>
<p>The subject of this paper is to discuss the situation of entrepreneurs in the Polish social insurance system and to present postulates based on conclusions resulting from the analysis of the legal situation of entrepreneurs.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Materials and methods: </h3>
<p>The institutional analysis method was used in the paper, which made it possible to present the situation of entrepreneurs in the Polish social insurance system. Based on the analysis of legal acts and the rules of the social security system, the main challenges and issues related to the non-agricultural business activity in Poland were pointed out.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Results: </h3>
<p>As a result of the analyses, <italic>de lege ferenda </italic>postulates have been formulated indicating the need for changes in the area of social insurance for people engaged in non-agricultural business activity.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Conclusions: </h3>
<p>Assuming that entrepreneurship is more valuable and that the right to social security can be exercised not only though the insurance process (but also by way of provision, cumulative, or assistance techniques), it is reasonable to introduce voluntary social insurance coverage for people engaged in non-agricultural business activities. With the introduction of voluntariness, it would be necessary to redefine the conditions of eligibility for the statutory minimum pension so that the rights to benefits are not abused.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Voluntariness of social insurance for entrepreneurs – <italic>de lege ferenda </italic>postulates

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<p>The paper discusses issues connected with the use of selected indices (WIBOR, WIBID, WIRON, POLONIA) as benchmarks for bank loans. In the introduction, the author addresses the problem of manipulation of rates, which are characterized by the forecasting of interest rate values. The following part of the paper analyses the differences in benchmarks’ construction, describes their operation, methods of setting and use. It also outlines their behavior over time. Subsequently, issues relating to the application of WIBOR, WIBID, POLONIA, WIRON as benchmarks for consumer loans are presented. They have been compared to a sample bank offer based on a fixed interest rate. The final conclusions outline the possible effects of various benchmarks on borrowers, and compare the situation of the Polish banking offer for fixed-rate loans with other countries. The possible effects of new regulations in the context of the share of fixed-rate loans in the credit market are also described.</p>
</abstract>

WIBOR, WIRON, WIBID, POLONIA as reference rates for bank loans

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<sec><h3>Subject and purpose of work: </h3>
<p>The objective of the study was to identify the constraints in credit accessibility from Primary Agricultural Cooperative Societies in Haryana State, India.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Materials and methods: </h3>
<p>The primary data were used for achieving the objective of the study. The primary data were collected in the second quarter of 2022 by employing the schedule. The multistage purposive cum proportionate random sampling techniques were adopted to select a sample of 540 respondents. The percentage was used for data analysis.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Results: </h3>
<p>The constraints in accessing credit are identified faced by beneficiary farmers and nonbeneficiary farmers. The major constraints faced by the beneficiary farmers in accessing credit from PACS are inadequate credit limit (87.40%), short time to repayment of loan (66.29%), high penalty rate (55.92%), and unavailability of medium-term loans (50.00%). While inadequate credit limit (80.00%), no new accounts opened (72.22%) and fear of being a defaulter (47.78%) were the major constraints faced by the non-beneficiary farmers in accessing credit from PACS.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Conclusions: </h3>
<p>The various constraints were identified in accessing credit from PACS. Credit limits should be extended on the basis of the scale of the finance. Medium-term loans need to be increased.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Constraints in credit accessibility from primary agricultural cooperative societies in Haryana state, India

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<sec><h3>Subject and purpose of work: </h3>
<p>The paper is discussing the challenges presented by Industry 4.0, specifically in relation to the potential loss of jobs due to automation. The article explores how middle-skilled jobs are more likely to be affected adversely by automation and how the integration of cutting-edge technologies such as automation, AI, and IoT is expected to bring about extensive automation and irreversible changes to employment opportunities.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Materials and methods: </h3>
<p>As this paper is a review of previous research articles, the authors have collected several journal articles.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Results: </h3>
<p>The authors highlight how Industry 4.0 is expected to change working conditions and the nature of work and raises concerns about job insecurity and the erosion of traditional employment relations.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Conclusions: </h3>
<p>The paper suggests that to tackle these challenges, policymakers and employers must be aware of the potential impacts of automation and Industry 4.0 on different types of occupations and take steps to mitigate any negative effects, and invest in retraining programs, implement policies that support the fair distribution of the benefits of automation and promoting the skills needed for the future of work.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Industry 4.0: New challenges for the labor market and working conditions as a result of emergence of robots and automation

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<p>The paper aims to understand various concepts and dimensions of financial literacy by using literature-based analysis. The reviews included various parameters, such as the financial literacy of young people, employees, women and college students, and the impact of financial literacy on well-being and investment decisions. Secondary information was gathered from many publications, websites, research papers, and articles. In the context of India, there is still much work to be done in the domain of financial literacy. Numerous studies have revealed low levels of financial literacy among India’s different demographic segments and some studies have revealed moderate levels. Financial literacy is a difficult topic to describe and quantify. The definition and measurement of this idea are the focus of numerous investigations. Policy changes must be made to improve financial literacy at both the fundamental and advanced levels so that people can save and invest money more sensibly in the various market opportunities.</p>
</abstract>

Financial Literacy in India: A Review of Literature

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<sec><h3>Subject and purpose of work: </h3>
<p>Theoretical and empirical analysis of the middle-income trap. To test the validity to be able to fix a middle-income band to classify a country in the middle-income trap.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Materials and methods: </h3>
<p>Theoretical and empirical studies on the middle-income trap have been used as material and the descriptive and explorative method of research has been used.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Results: </h3>
<p>To fix a middle-income band was deemed to be unjustified because the middleincome band was found to change every year. The period of the middle-income trap was deemed justified and it was found that a potential based definition can be formed to create a distinction between trapped and non-trapped countries.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Conclusions: </h3>
<p>To define the middle-income trap does not require a middle-income band to be fixed for a period as long as 42 years, but what is require is the period itself and the continuity of increasing the potential of a country to cross the middle-income trap.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

The middle-income trap – a problem of definition and empirical research

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<p>Since the beginning of formation of societies (families, tribes), people have looked for ways of arranging mutual relationships so as to improve safety, comfort and development and to be able to differentiate between what is good and what is evil, on the level of everyday life. In their struggles with nature, they sought support in faith. Priests became the intellectual elite, and guidelines how to act became the content of religion. On the higher level of integration, the role of rulers became prominent, and guidelines were sought in the law established by them, with specific contribution from more important subjects (hierarchs). In the background of this process, wise men (philosophers) and theologians made efforts to create and arrange a system of cultivated values in important fields and circumstances of life. The paper deals with the question of ethics in the healthcare sector and during the pandemic.</p>
</abstract>

Ethics and economy during the COVID-19 pandemic

AHEAD OF PRINT

Volume 17 (2024): Issue 1 (March 2024)

Volume 16 (2023): Issue 4 (December 2023)

Volume 16 (2023): Issue 3 (September 2023)

Volume 16 (2023): Issue 2 (June 2023)

Volume 16 (2023): Issue 1 (March 2023)

Volume 15 (2022): Issue 4 (December 2022)

Volume 15 (2022): Issue 3 (September 2022)

Volume 15 (2022): Issue 2 (June 2022)

Volume 15 (2022): Issue 1 (March 2022)

Volume 14 (2021): Issue 4 (December 2021)

Volume 14 (2021): Issue 3 (September 2021)

Volume 14 (2021): Issue 2 (June 2021)

Volume 14 (2021): Issue 1 (March 2021)

Volume 13 (2020): Issue 4 (December 2020)

Volume 13 (2020): Issue 3 (September 2020)

Volume 13 (2020): Issue 2 (June 2020)

Volume 13 (2020): Issue 1 (March 2020)

Volume 12 (2019): Issue 4 (December 2019)

Volume 12 (2019): Issue 3 (September 2019)

Volume 12 (2019): Issue 2 (June 2019)

Volume 12 (2019): Issue 1 (March 2019)

Volume 11 (2018): Issue 4 (December 2018)

Volume 11 (2018): Issue 3 (September 2018)

Volume 11 (2018): Issue 2 (June 2018)

Volume 11 (2018): Issue 1 (March 2018)

Volume 10 (2017): Issue 4 (December 2017)

Volume 10 (2017): Issue 3 (September 2017)

Volume 10 (2017): Issue 2 (June 2017)

Volume 10 (2017): Issue 1 (March 2017)

Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne

Print ISSN: 2083-3725, Online ISSN: 2451-182X Dear Authors and Readers,  Welcome to the website of the international, open access, bilingual scientific journal "Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne", published by John Paul II University of Applied Sciences in Biala Podlaska (Poland).  Editor-in-ChiefMieczysław Adamowicz  Accessible also on platform: www.ers.edu.pl/en and in print.  FROM THE EDITOR / OD REDAKCJI  Dear Authors and Readers  "Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne" is an international open access journal published in two languages: English and Polish since 2011. First two years it was published bi-annually, since 2013 as the quarterly. The journal is available in electronic and printed versions. We consider electronic English language version as a basic one, while the Polish language version provided greater access to the magazines content for national reader in Poland. Since the beginning the journal is available on the web platform www.ers.edu.pl/en of the publisher: John Paul II University of Applied Sciences in Biala Podlaska (Poland, Europe). Paper submission and peer review process are implemented through editorial system: www.editorialsystem.com/editor/ersen.  We accept original papers which have not been published elsewhere and have a clear scientific, cognitive and scholary value. Paper submited for publication undergo preliminary editorial review and are subject to blind review by two or more external experts. The periodical is available in English and Polish online and in print version.  The magazine has an open character and implements international publishing ethical and standards. The electronic version allows free access to all current and archived issues and articles. Actually, publishing articles in the journal is free from any payments.  Index Copernicus Journal Master List, ICV 2012: 5.62; ICV 2013: 6.48; ICV 2014: 70.81 (6.96); ICV 2015: 81,26; ICV 2016: 92.91; ICV 2017: 100,00; ICV 2018: 100,00  Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education, 2011-2012: 2 points; 2013-2014: 4 points; 2015-2018: 9 points  Focus and Scope  "Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne" is an international journal of multi and interdisciplinary research and policy analysis in broad regions at the world. The main mission of the magazine is to broaden theoretical knowledge, contribute to the policy debates and disseminate results of empirical research across a wide range of economic and social sciences, mainly as following:    Business, Economics and Finance,  Socio-economic Geography and Spatial Management,  Community, Rural/ Urban and Regional Development.   Journal provides information on general and sectoral economic problems, practices and policies, on contemporary and historical development in these disciplines from local, regional, national, European and global perspectives.  Journal is open for publishing original research results as well as for overview and review articles, reports an surveys, policy debates, announcements of research and conference results, case studies and other scientific publications.  Texts in Polish which are correctly translated into English are published free of charge. In case of sending a text in only one language version,either in Polish or in English,the authors will bear the costs of translating the article into the other missing language. The authors may be also asked to cover the costs of verification of the submitted texts in English. The translations are conducted by a Translation Office which currently cooperates with the Editors and the current cost per 1 translation page (that is, 1800 characters including spaces) amounts to 30 PLN gross.  An article is passed on for translation after obtaining a positive review of the submitted language version, after corrections if necessary and upon its approval for print by the Editor in Chief.  Digitalization of Economic and Regional Studies/ Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne – task financed from the resources of the Polish Minister of Science and Education for disseminating science under Agreement No. 819/P-DUN/2018  Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 