Open Access

Corruption and the Desire to Leave Quasi-Experimental Evidence on Corruption as a Driver of Emigration Intentions


Cite

Abdih, Y.; R. Chami; J. Dagher; P. Montiel (2012): Remittances and Institutions: Are Remittances a Curse? World Development 40(4), 657-666.AbdihY.ChamiR.DagherJ.MontielP.2012Remittances and Institutions: Are Remittances a Curse?World Development40465766610.1016/j.worlddev.2011.09.014Search in Google Scholar

Ahmad, N. (2001): Corruption Perception Indices: A Comparative Analysis. Pakistan Development Review 40(4), 813-830.AhmadN.2001Corruption Perception Indices: A Comparative AnalysisPakistan Development Review40481383010.30541/v40i4IIpp.813-830Search in Google Scholar

Ahmad, N.; S. Arjumand (2016): Impact of Corruption on GDP per Capita Through International Migration: An Empirical Investigation. Quality and Quantity 50(4), 1633-1643.AhmadN.ArjumandS.2016Impact of Corruption on GDP per Capita Through International Migration: An Empirical InvestigationQuality and Quantity5041633164310.1007/s11135-015-0224-ySearch in Google Scholar

Altonji, J. G.; D. Card (1991): The Effects of Immigration on the Labor Market Outcomes of Less-skilled Natives, in: Abowd, J. M.; R. B. Freeman (eds.), Immigration, Trade and the Labor Market. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.AltonjiJ. G.CardD.1991The Effects of Immigration on the Labor Market Outcomes of Less-skilled NativesAbowdJ. M.FreemanR. B.edsImmigration, Trade and the Labor MarketChicagoUniversity of Chicago PressSearch in Google Scholar

Altunbas, Y.; J. Thornton (2011): Does Financial Development Reduce Corruption? Economics Letters 114, 221-223.AltunbasY.ThorntonJ.2011Does Financial Development Reduce Corruption?Economics Letters11422122310.1016/j.econlet.2011.08.020Search in Google Scholar

Arango, J. (2017): Theories of International Migration, in: Joly, Danièle (ed.), International Migration in the New Millennium. London: Routledge, 25-45.ArangoJ.2017Theories of International Migration, in: Joly, Danièle (ed.), International Migration in the New MillenniumLondonRoutledge2545Search in Google Scholar

Ariu, A.; M. P. Squicciarini (2013): The Balance of Brains—Corruption and Migration: Corruption could be an Important Factor for Emigration and Immigration Decisions by Highly Skilled Professionals. EMBO Reports 14(6), 502-504.AriuA.SquicciariniM. P.2013The Balance of Brains—Corruption and Migration: Corruption could be an Important Factor for Emigration and Immigration Decisions by Highly Skilled ProfessionalsEMBO Reports14650250410.1038/embor.2013.59Search in Google Scholar

Ashby, N. J. (2010): Freedom and International Migration. Southern Economic Journal 77(1), 49-62.AshbyN. J.2010Freedom and International MigrationSouthern Economic Journal771496210.4284/sej.2010.77.1.49Search in Google Scholar

Ayoola, T. (2014): The Effect of Cashless Policy of Government on Corruption in Nigeria. International Review of Management and Business Research 2(3), 682-690.AyoolaT.2014The Effect of Cashless Policy of Government on Corruption in NigeriaInternational Review of Management and Business Research23682690Search in Google Scholar

Bales, K. (2011): What Predicts Human Trafficking? International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 31(2), 269-279.BalesK.2011What Predicts Human Trafficking?International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice31226927910.1080/01924036.2007.9678771Search in Google Scholar

Baum, C.; M. Schaffer; S. Stillman (2007): Enhanced Routines for Instrumental Variables/Generalized Method of Moments Estimation and Testing. Stata Journal 7(4), 465-506.BaumC.SchafferM.StillmanS.2007Enhanced Routines for Instrumental Variables/Generalized Method of Moments Estimation and TestingStata Journal7446550610.1177/1536867X0800700402Search in Google Scholar

Black, R.; S. R. Bennett; S. M. Thomas; J. R. Beddington (2011): Climate Change: Migration as Adaptation. Nature 478(7370), 447.BlackR.BennettS. R.ThomasS. M.BeddingtonJ. R.2011Climate Change: Migration as AdaptationNature478737044710.1038/478477aSearch in Google Scholar

Carling, J. (2002): Migration in the Age of Involuntary Immobility: Theoretical Reflections and Cape Verdean Experiences. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 28(1), 5-42.CarlingJ.2002Migration in the Age of Involuntary Immobility: Theoretical Reflections and Cape Verdean ExperiencesJournal of Ethnic and Migration Studies28154210.1080/13691830120103912Search in Google Scholar

Carling, J.; C. Talleraas (2016): Root Causes and Drivers of Migration - Implications for Humanitarian Efforts and Development Cooperation. PRIO Paper.CarlingJ.TalleraasC.2016Root Causes and Drivers of Migration - Implications for Humanitarian Efforts and Development CooperationPRIO PaperSearch in Google Scholar

Carling, J. (2006): Migration, Human Smuggling and Trafficking from Nigeria to Europe. Oslo: International Organization for Migration.CarlingJ.2006Migration, Human Smuggling and Trafficking from Nigeria to EuropeOsloInternational Organization for Migration10.18356/bd50fd54-enSearch in Google Scholar

Carling, J.; K. Schewel (2018): Revisiting Aspiration and Ability in International Migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44(6), 945-963.CarlingJ.SchewelK.2018Revisiting Aspiration and Ability in International MigrationJournal of Ethnic and Migration Studies44694596310.1080/1369183X.2017.1384146Search in Google Scholar

Carling, J.; E. Paasche; M. Siegel (2015): Finding Connections: The Nexus Between Migration and Corruption. Migration Information Source [Online] 5. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/finding-connections-nexus-between-migration-and-corruptionCarlingJ.PaascheE.SiegelM.2015Finding Connections: The Nexus Between Migration and CorruptionMigration Information Source [Online] 5https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/finding-connections-nexus-between-migration-and-corruptionSearch in Google Scholar

Castles, S.; H. De Haas; M. J. Miller (2014): [1993] The age of migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, 5th edition. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CastlesS.De HaasH.MillerM. J.2014[1993] The age of migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, 5th editionLondonPalgrave Macmillan10.1007/978-0-230-36639-8Search in Google Scholar

Clausen, B.; A. Kraay; Z. Nyiri (2011): Corruption and Confidence in Public Institutions. Evidence from a Global Survey. The World Bank Economic Review 25(2), 212-249.ClausenB.KraayA.NyiriZ.2011Corruption and Confidence in Public Institutions. Evidence from a Global Survey. The World Bank Economic Review25221224910.1093/wber/lhr018Search in Google Scholar

Cheng, C. S.; D. Zaum (2008): Key Themes in Peacebuilding and Corruption. International Peacekeeping 15(3), 301-309.ChengC. S.ZaumD.2008Key Themes in Peacebuilding and CorruptionInternational Peacekeeping15330130910.1080/13533310802058752Search in Google Scholar

Concord. (2018): Partnership or Conditionality? Monitoring the Migration Compacts and EU Trust Fund for Africa. Brussels.Concord2018Partnership or Conditionality? Monitoring the Migration Compacts and EU Trust Fund for AfricaBrusselsSearch in Google Scholar

Conte, C. (2018): Migration-Related Conditionality in EU External Funding. ReSoma Discussion Briefs, Brussels.ConteC.2018Migration-Related Conditionality in EU External FundingReSoma Discussion BriefsBrusselsSearch in Google Scholar

Cooray, A.; R. Dzhumashev (2018): The Effect of Corruption on Labour Market Outcomes. Economic Modelling 74, 207-218.CoorayA.DzhumashevR.2018The Effect of Corruption on Labour Market OutcomesEconomic Modelling7420721810.1016/j.econmod.2018.05.015Search in Google Scholar

Cooray, A.; F. Schneider (2016): Does Corruption Promote Emigration? An Empirical Examination. Journal of Population Economics 29, 293-310.CoorayA.SchneiderF.2016Does Corruption Promote Emigration? An Empirical ExaminationJournal of Population Economics2929331010.1007/s00148-015-0563-ySearch in Google Scholar

Coppedge, M.; J. Gerring; C. H. Knutsen; S. I. Lindberg; S.-E. Skaaning; J. Teorell; D. Altman; M. Bernhard; M. S. Fish; A. Cornell; S. Dahlum; H. Gjerløw; A. Glynn; A. Hicken; J. Krusell; A. Lührmann; K. L. Marquardt; K. McMann; V. Mechkova; J. Medzihorsky; M. Olin; P. Paxton; D. Pemstein; J. Pernes; J. von Römer; B. Seim; R. Sigman; J. Staton; N. Stepanova; A. Sundström; E. Tzelgov; Y.-T. Wang; T. Wig; S. Wilson; D. Ziblatt (2018): V-Dem [Country-Year/Country-Date] Dataset v8. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. doi:10.23696/vdemcy18.CoppedgeM.GerringJ.KnutsenC. H.LindbergS. I.SkaaningS.-E.TeorellJ.AltmanD.BernhardM.FishM. S.CornellA.DahlumS.GjerløwH.GlynnA.HickenA.KrusellJ.LührmannA.MarquardtK. L.McMannK.MechkovaV.MedzihorskyJ.OlinM.PaxtonP.PemsteinD.PernesJ.von RömerJ.SeimB.SigmanR.StatonJ.StepanovaN.SundströmA.TzelgovE.WangY.-T.WigT.WilsonS.ZiblattD.2018V-Dem [Country-Year/Country-Date] Dataset v8Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project10.23696/vdemcy18Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

D’Humières, V. (2018): European Union/African Cooperation: The Externalisation of Europe’s Migration Policies. Foundation Robert Schuman – Policy Paper, European Issues N°472, April 2018.D’HumièresV.2018European Union/African Cooperation: The Externalisation of Europe’s Migration PoliciesFoundation Robert Schuman – Policy Paper, European Issues N°472, April 2018Search in Google Scholar

Danziger, R. (2018): Voting with their Feet? Why Young Africans are Choosing Migration Over the Ballot Box. World Economic Forum. online Accessed 29 September 2018.DanzigerR.2018Voting with their Feet?Why Young Africans are Choosing Migration Over the Ballot Box. World Economic Forum. online Accessed 29 September 2018Search in Google Scholar

Dimant, E.; T. Krieger; D. Meierrieks (2013): The Effect of Corruption on Migration,1985–2000. Applied Economics Letters 20(13), 1270-1274.DimantE.KriegerT.MeierrieksD.2013The Effect of Corruption on Migration,1985–2000Applied Economics Letters20131270127410.1080/13504851.2013.806776Search in Google Scholar

Docquier, F.; G. Peri; I. Ruyssen (2014): The Cross-Country Determinants of Potential and Actual Migration. International Migration Review 48(1), 37-99.DocquierF.PeriG.RuyssenI.2014The Cross-Country Determinants of Potential and Actual MigrationInternational Migration Review481379910.1142/9789814719902_0012Search in Google Scholar

Donchev, D.; G. Ujhelyi (2014): What do Corruption Indices Measure? Economics and Politics 26(2), 309-331.DonchevD.UjhelyiG.2014What do Corruption Indices Measure?Economics and Politics26230933110.1111/ecpo.12037Search in Google Scholar

Dreher, A.; M. Gassebner (2013): Greasing the Wheels? The Impact of Regulations and Corruption on Firm Entry. Public Choice 155(3-4), 413-432.DreherA.GassebnerM.2013Greasing the Wheels? The Impact of Regulations and Corruption on Firm EntryPublic Choice1553-441343210.1007/s11127-011-9871-2Search in Google Scholar

Dzhumashev, R. (2016): The Role of Income Uncertainty in the Corruption–Growth Nexus. The BE Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy 16(2), 1169-1201.DzhumashevR.2016The Role of Income Uncertainty in the Corruption–Growth NexusThe BE Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy1621169120110.1515/bejeap-2015-0056Search in Google Scholar

European Commission. (2018): The EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa. online Accessed 04 October 2018.EuropeanCommission.2018The EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africaonline Accessed 04 October 2018Search in Google Scholar

Foadi, S. M. (2006): Key Issues and Causes of the Italian Brain Drain. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research 19(2), 209-223.FoadiS. M.2006Key Issues and Causes of the Italian Brain DrainInnovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research19220922310.1080/13511610600804315Search in Google Scholar

Gallup World Poll GWP. (2015): Advanced Analytics – World Poll. online Accessed 5 June 2018.Gallup World Poll GWP2015Advanced Analytics – World Pollonline Accessed 5 June 2018Search in Google Scholar

Gleditsch, N.; P. Wallensteen; M. Eriksson; M. Sollenberg; H. Strand (2002): Armed Conflict 1946–2001: A New Dataset. Journal of Peace Research 39(5), 615-637.GleditschN.WallensteenP.ErikssonM.SollenbergM.StrandH.2002Armed Conflict 1946–2001: A New DatasetJournal of Peace Research39561563710.1177/0022343302039005007Search in Google Scholar

Grogger, J.; G. H. Hanson (2011): Income Maximization and the Selection and Sorting of International Migrants. Journal of Development Economics 95, 42-57.GroggerJ.HansonG. H.2011Income Maximization and the Selection and Sorting of International MigrantsJournal of Development Economics95425710.3386/w13821Search in Google Scholar

Gupta, S.; C. A. Pattillo; S. Wagh (2009): Effect of Remittances on Poverty and Financial Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Development 37(1), 104-115.GuptaS.PattilloC. A.WaghS.2009Effect of Remittances on Poverty and Financial Development in Sub-Saharan AfricaWorld Development37110411510.1016/j.worlddev.2008.05.007Search in Google Scholar

Gupta, S.; H. Davoodi; R. Alsonso-Terme (2002): Does Corruption Affect Income Inequality and Poverty? Economics of Governance 3, 23-45.GuptaS.DavoodiH.Alsonso-TermeR.2002Does Corruption Affect Income Inequality and Poverty?Economics of Governance3234510.1007/s101010100039Search in Google Scholar

Hogan, J. W.; T. Lancaster (2004): Instrumental Variables and Inverse Probability Weighting for Causal Inference from Longitudinal Observational Studies. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 13, 17-48.HoganJ. W.LancasterT.2004Instrumental Variables and Inverse Probability Weighting for Causal Inference from Longitudinal Observational StudiesStatistical Methods in Medical Research13174810.1191/0962280204sm351raSearch in Google Scholar

Huang, Y. (2010): Political Institutions and Financial Development: An Empirical Study. World Development 38(12), 1667-1677.HuangY.2010Political Institutions and Financial Development: An Empirical StudyWorld Development38121667167710.1016/j.worlddev.2010.04.001Search in Google Scholar

IMF. (2018): Financial Development Index Database. online Accessed 9 October 2018.IMF2018Financial Development Index Databaseonline Accessed 9 October 2018Search in Google Scholar

Ivlevs, A.; R. M. King (2017): Does Emigration Reduce Corruption? Public Choice 171(3-4), 389-408.IvlevsA.KingR. M.2017Does Emigration Reduce Corruption?Public Choice1713-438940810.1007/s11127-017-0442-zSearch in Google Scholar

Jaeger, D. A.; J. Ruist; J. Stuhler (2018): Shift-Share Instruments and the Impact of Immigration. IZA Discussion Paper No. 11307.JaegerD. A.RuistJ.StuhlerJ.2018Shift-Share Instruments and the Impact of ImmigrationIZA Discussion Paper No. 1130710.3386/w24285Search in Google Scholar

Jahedi, S.; F. Méndez (2014): On the Advantages and Disadvantages of Subjective Measures. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 98, 97-114.JahediS.MéndezF.2014On the Advantages and Disadvantages of Subjective MeasuresJournal of Economic Behavior and Organization989711410.1016/j.jebo.2013.12.016Search in Google Scholar

Kalachev, K. (2018): Main Determinants of Emigration of Young Specialists in Kazakhstan. Doctoral Dissertation, Nazarbayev University, Graduate School of Public Policy.KalachevK.2018Main Determinants of Emigration of Young Specialists in KazakhstanDoctoral Dissertation, Nazarbayev University, Graduate School of Public PolicySearch in Google Scholar

La Porta, R.; F. Lopez-de-Silanes; A. Shleifer; R. Vishny (1999): The Quality of Government. Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 15(1), 222-279.LaPortaR.;F. Lopez-de-Silanes; A. Shleifer; R. Vishny1999The Quality of GovernmentJournal of Law, Economics and Organization15122227910.1093/jleo/15.1.222Search in Google Scholar

Lapshyna, I. (2014): Corruption as a Driver of Migration Aspirations: The Case of Ukraine. Economics and Sociology 7(4), 113-127.LapshynaI.2014Corruption as a Driver of Migration Aspirations: The Case of UkraineEconomics and Sociology7411312710.14254/2071-789X.2014/7-4/8Search in Google Scholar

Lee, E. S. (1966): A Theory of Migration. Demography 3(1), 47-57.LeeE. S.1966A Theory of MigrationDemography31475710.2307/2060063Search in Google Scholar

Malaj, V.; S. de Rubertis (2017): Determinants of Migration and the Gravity Model of Migration – Application on Western Balkan Emigration Flows. Migration Letters 14(2), 204-220.MalajV.de RubertisS.2017Determinants of Migration and the Gravity Model of Migration – Application on Western Balkan Emigration FlowsMigration Letters14220422010.33182/ml.v14i2.327Search in Google Scholar

Mariani, F. (2007): Migration as an Antidote to Rent-Seeking? Journal Development Economics 84(2), 609-630.MarianiF.2007Migration as an Antidote to Rent-Seeking?Journal Development Economics84260963010.1016/j.jdeveco.2007.02.001Search in Google Scholar

Mauro, P. (1995): Corruption and Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 110(3), 681-712.MauroP.1995Corruption and GrowthThe Quarterly Journal of Economics110368171210.2307/2946696Search in Google Scholar

Méon, P. G.; K. Sekkat (2005): Does Corruption Grease or Sand the Wheels of Growth? Public Choice 122(1-2), 69-97.MéonP. G.SekkatK.2005Does Corruption Grease or Sand the Wheels of Growth?Public Choice1221-2699710.1007/s11127-005-3988-0Search in Google Scholar

Méon, P. G.; L. Weill (2010): Is Corruption an Efficient Grease? World Development 38(3), 244-259.MéonP. G.WeillL.2010Is Corruption an Efficient Grease?World Development38324425910.1016/j.worlddev.2009.06.004Search in Google Scholar

Merkle, O.; J. Reinold; M. Siegel (2017): A Study on the Link between Corruption and the Causes of Migration and Forced Displacement. GIZ Anti-Corruption and Integrity Programme.MerkleO.ReinoldJ.SiegelM.2017A Study on the Link between Corruption and the Causes of Migration and Forced DisplacementGIZ Anti-Corruption and Integrity ProgrammeSearch in Google Scholar

Mieseigha, E.; U. Ogbodo (2013): An Empirical Analysis of the Benefits of Cashless Economy on Nigeria’s Economic Development. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting 4(17), 11-16.MieseighaE.OgbodoU.2013An Empirical Analysis of the Benefits of Cashless Economy on Nigeria’s Economic DevelopmentResearch Journal of Finance and Accounting4171116Search in Google Scholar

Mullan, F. (2006): Doctors for The World: Indian Physician Emigration. Health Affairs 25(2), 1453-1454.MullanF.2006Doctors for The World: Indian Physician EmigrationHealth Affairs2521453145410.1377/hlthaff.25.2.380Search in Google Scholar

Nejad, M. N.; A. T. Young (2010): Want Freedom, Will Travel: Emigrant Self-Selection According to Institutional Quality. European Journal of Political Economy 45, 71-84.NejadM. N.YoungA. T.2010Want Freedom, Will Travel: Emigrant Self-Selection According to Institutional QualityEuropean Journal of Political Economy45718410.1016/j.ejpoleco.2016.06.002Search in Google Scholar

Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD). (2009): Anti-Corruption Approaches - A Literature Review. Oslo, Norway: Evaluation Department.Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD)2009Anti-Corruption Approaches - A Literature ReviewOslo, NorwayEvaluation DepartmentSearch in Google Scholar

Nye, J. S. (1967): Corruption and Political Development: A Cost-Benefit Analysis. American Political Science Review 61, 417-427.NyeJ. S.1967Corruption and Political Development: A Cost-Benefit AnalysisAmerican Political Science Review6141742710.4324/9781315126647-26Search in Google Scholar

Ortega, F.; G. Peri (2013): The Effect of Income and Immigration Policies on International Migration. Migration Studies 1(1), 47-74.OrtegaF.PeriG.2013The Effect of Income and Immigration Policies on International MigrationMigration Studies11477410.3386/w18322Search in Google Scholar

Pal, J.; P. Chandra; V. Kameswaran; A. Parameshwar; S. Joshi; A. Johri (2018): Digital Payment and Its Discontents: Street Shops and the Indian Government’s Push for Cashless Transactions. Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (229), 1-13. doi:10.1145/3173574.3173803.PalJ.ChandraP.KameswaranV.ParameshwarA.JoshiS.JohriA.2018Digital Payment and Its Discontents: Street Shops and the Indian Government’s Push for Cashless TransactionsProceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (229)11310.1145/3173574.3173803Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Poprawe, M. (2015): On the Relationship Between Corruption and Migration: Empirical Evidence from A Gravity Model of Migration. Public Choice 163, 337-354.PopraweM.2015On the Relationship Between Corruption and Migration: Empirical Evidence from A Gravity Model of MigrationPublic Choice16333735410.1007/s11127-015-0255-xSearch in Google Scholar

Richards, K. (2004): The Trafficking of Migrant Workers: What are the Links Between Labour Trafficking and Corruption? International Migration 42(5), 147-168.RichardsK.2004The Trafficking of Migrant Workers: What are the Links Between Labour Trafficking and Corruption?International Migration42514716810.1111/j.0020-7985.2004.00305.xSearch in Google Scholar

Rowlands, D. (1999): Domestic Governance and International Migration. World Development 27(8), 1477-1491.RowlandsD.1999Domestic Governance and International MigrationWorld Development2781477149110.1016/S0305-750X(99)00066-2Search in Google Scholar

Rozelle, S.; J. E. Taylor; A. deBrauw (1999): Migration, Remittances, and Agricultural Productivity in China. American Economic Review 89(2), 287-291.RozelleS.TaylorJ. E.deBrauwA.1999Migration, Remittances, and Agricultural Productivity in ChinaAmerican Economic Review89228729110.1257/aer.89.2.287Search in Google Scholar

Rusev, A. (2013): Human Trafficking, Border Security and Related Corruption in the EU. Migration and the Security Sector Paper Series.RusevA.2013Human Trafficking, Border Security and Related Corruption in the EUMigration and the Security Sector Paper SeriesSearch in Google Scholar

Sachs, J. D. (2001): Tropical Underdevelopment. NBER Working Paper 8119.SachsJ. D.2001Tropical UnderdevelopmentNBER Working Paper 811910.3386/w8119Search in Google Scholar

Shelley, L. I. (2014): Dirty Entanglements: Corruption, Crime, and Terrorism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ShelleyL. I.2014Dirty Entanglements: Corruption, Crime, and TerrorismCambridgeCambridge University Press10.1017/CBO9781139059039Search in Google Scholar

Skrivankova, K.; G. Dell; E. Larson; M. Adomeit; S. Albert (2011): The Role of Corruption in Trafficking in Persons. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC – Issue Paper.SkrivankovaK.DellG.LarsonE.AdomeitM.AlbertS.2011The Role of Corruption in Trafficking in PersonsUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC – Issue PaperSearch in Google Scholar

Shendge, M. P. A.; M. B. G. Shelar; A. P. S. S. Kapase (2017): Impact and Importance of Cashless Transaction in India. International Journal of Current Trends in Engineering and Research (IJCTER) 3(4), 22-28.ShendgeM. P. A.ShelarM. B. G.S. KapaseA. P. S.2017Impact and Importance of Cashless Transaction in IndiaInternational Journal of Current Trends in Engineering and Research (IJCTER)342228Search in Google Scholar

Svensson, J. (2005): Eight Questions about Corruption. Journal of Economic Perspectives 19(3), 19-41.SvenssonJ.2005Eight Questions about CorruptionJournal of Economic Perspectives193194110.1257/089533005774357860Search in Google Scholar

Tanzi, V. (1998): Corruption Around the World – Causes, Consequences, Scope, and Cures. IMF Staff Papers 45(4), 559-594.TanziV.1998Corruption Around the World – Causes, Consequences, Scope, and CuresIMF Staff Papers45455959410.2307/3867585Search in Google Scholar

Tee, H.-T.; H.-B. Ong (2016): Cashless Payment and Economic Growth. Financial Innovation 2(4).TeeH.-T.OngH.-B.2016Cashless Payment and Economic GrowthFinancial Innovation2410.1186/s40854-016-0023-zSearch in Google Scholar

Tjaden, J.; D. Auer; F. Laczko (2018): Linking Migration Intentions with Flows: Evidence and Potential Use. International Migration 57(1), 36-57.TjadenJ.AuerD.LaczkoF.2018Linking Migration Intentions with Flows: Evidence and Potential UseInternational Migration571365710.1111/imig.12502Search in Google Scholar

Traikova, D.; J. Möllers; M. Petrick (2018): Go west? Emigration Intentions of Young Bulgarian Agricultural Specialists. Journal of Rural Studies 62, 134-145.TraikovaD.MöllersJ.PetrickM.2018Go west? Emigration Intentions of Young Bulgarian Agricultural SpecialistsJournal of Rural Studies6213414510.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.07.008Search in Google Scholar

Transparency International. (2018): Corruption Perceptions Index 2017 Shows High Corruption Burden in More Than Two-Thirds of Countries. online Accessed 11 June 2018.TransparencyInternational.2018Corruption Perceptions Index 2017 Shows High Corruption Burden in More Than Two-Thirds of Countriesonline Accessed 11 June 2018Search in Google Scholar

Treisman, D. (2007): What Have we Learned about the Causes of Corruption from Ten Years of Cross-National Empirical Research? Annual Review of Political Science 10, 211-244.TreismanD.2007What Have we Learned about the Causes of Corruption from Ten Years of Cross-National Empirical Research?Annual Review of Political Science1021124410.1146/annurev.polisci.10.081205.095418Search in Google Scholar

UNODC. (2004): United Nations Convention against Corruption. Vienna: United Nations.UNODC2004United Nations Convention against CorruptionViennaUnited NationsSearch in Google Scholar

Vásquez, I.; T. Porčnik (2019): The Human Freedom Index 2019 - A Global Measurement of Personal, Civil, and Economic Freedom. Washington, DC: Cato Institute.VásquezI.PorčnikT.2019The Human Freedom Index 2019 - A Global Measurement of Personal, Civil, and Economic FreedomWashington, DCCato InstituteSearch in Google Scholar

Warner, K.; M. Hamza; A. Oliver-Smith; F. Renaud; A. Julca (2010): Climate Change, Environmental Degradation and Migration. Natural Hazards 55(3), 689-715.WarnerK.HamzaM.Oliver-SmithA.RenaudF.JulcaA.2010Climate Change, Environmental Degradation and MigrationNatural Hazards55368971510.1007/s11069-009-9419-7Search in Google Scholar

Wheatland, B. (2015): Literature Review: Corruption as a Driver of Migration. Anti-Corruption Resource Center. Transparency International, Berlin.WheatlandB.2015Literature Review: Corruption as a Driver of Migration. Anti-Corruption Resource CenterTransparency InternationalBerlinSearch in Google Scholar

World Bank. (2018a): Worldwide Governance Indicators – Control of Corruption. online Accessed 1 June 2018.WorldBank.2018aWorldwide Governance Indicators – Control of Corruptiononline Accessed 1 June 2018Search in Google Scholar

World Bank. (2018b): Global Payment Systems Survey (GPSS). online Accessed 14 August 2018.WorldBank.2018bGlobal Payment Systems Survey (GPSS). online Accessed 14 August 2018Search in Google Scholar