Temporary migration as a mechanism for lasting cultural change: evidence from Nepal

Abdulloev, I.; I. N. Gang; M.-S. Yun (2014): Migration, Education and the Gender Gap in Labour Force Participation. The European Journal of Development Research 26(4), 509–526. AbdulloevI. GangI. N. YunM.-S. 2014 Migration, Education and the Gender Gap in Labour Force Participation The European Journal of Development Research 26 4 509 526 10.1057/ejdr.2014.27 Search in Google Scholar

Adams, R. H. J. (2011): Evaluating the Economic Impact of International Remittances on Developing Countries Using Household Surveys: A Literature Review. Journal of Development Studies 47(6), 809–828. AdamsR. H. J. 2011 Evaluating the Economic Impact of International Remittances on Developing Countries Using Household Surveys: A Literature Review Journal of Development Studies 47 6 809 828 10.1080/00220388.2011.563299 Search in Google Scholar

Alesina, A.; P. Giuliano; N. Nunn (2013): On the Origins of Gender Roles: Women and the Plough. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 128(2), 469–530. AlesinaA. GiulianoP. NunnN. 2013 On the Origins of Gender Roles: Women and the Plough The Quarterly Journal of Economics 128 2 469 530 10.3386/w17098 Search in Google Scholar

Ambler, K. (2015): Don’t Tell on Me: Experimental Evidence of Asymmetric Information in Transnational Households. Journal of Development Economics 113, 52–69. AmblerK. 2015 Don’t Tell on Me: Experimental Evidence of Asymmetric Information in Transnational Households Journal of Development Economics 113 52 69 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.11.001 Search in Google Scholar

Antman, F. M. (2011): The Intergenerational Effects of Paternal Migration on Schooling and Work: What can we Learn from Children's Time Allocations? Journal of Development Economics 96(2), 200–208. AntmanF. M. 2011 The Intergenerational Effects of Paternal Migration on Schooling and Work: What can we Learn from Children's Time Allocations? Journal of Development Economics 96 2 200 208 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.11.002 Search in Google Scholar

Antman, F. M. (2012): Gender, Educational Attainment, and the Impact Of Parental Migration on Children Left Behind. Journal of Population Economics 25(4), 1187–1214. AntmanF. M. 2012 Gender, Educational Attainment, and the Impact Of Parental Migration on Children Left Behind Journal of Population Economics 25 4 1187 1214 10.1007/s00148-012-0423-y Search in Google Scholar

Antman, F. M. (2015): Gender Discrimination in the Allocation of Migrant Household Resources. Journal of Population Economics 28(3), 565–592. AntmanF. M. 2015 Gender Discrimination in the Allocation of Migrant Household Resources Journal of Population Economics 28 3 565 592 10.1007/s00148-015-0548-x Search in Google Scholar

Arrow, K. J. (1962): The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing. Review of Economic Studies 29(3), 155–173. ArrowK. J. 1962 The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing Review of Economic Studies 29 3 155 173 10.1007/978-1-349-15430-2_11 Search in Google Scholar

Ashraf, N.; D. Aycinena; A. Claudia Martínez; D. Yang (2015): Savings in Transnational Households: A Field Experiment Among Migrants from El Salvador. Review of Economics and Statistics 97(2), 332–351. AshrafN. AycinenaD. Claudia MartínezA. YangD. 2015 Savings in Transnational Households: A Field Experiment Among Migrants from El Salvador Review of Economics and Statistics 97 2 332 351 10.3386/w20024 Search in Google Scholar

Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2010): Overview of Gender Equality and Social Inclusion in Nepal (Technical Report). Asian Development Bank (ADB) 2010 Overview of Gender Equality and Social Inclusion in Nepal (Technical Report) Search in Google Scholar

Batista, C.; P. C. Vicente (2011): Do Migrants Improve Governance at Home? Evidence from A Voting Experiment. World Bank Economic Review 25(1), 77–104. BatistaC. VicenteP. C. 2011 Do Migrants Improve Governance at Home? Evidence from A Voting Experiment World Bank Economic Review 25 1 77 104 10.1093/wber/lhr009 Search in Google Scholar

Becker, A. (2019): On the Economic Origins of Restrictions on Women's Sexuality. Working Paper. BeckerA. 2019 On the Economic Origins of Restrictions on Women's Sexuality Working Paper. 10.2139/ssrn.3432818 Search in Google Scholar

Becker, G. S.; K. M. Murphy (1998): A Theory of Rational Addiction. Journal of Political Economy 96(4), 675–700. BeckerG. S. MurphyK. M. 1998 A Theory of Rational Addiction Journal of Political Economy 96 4 675 700 10.4159/9780674020658-004 Search in Google Scholar

Beine, M.; K. Sekkat (2013): Skilled Migration and the Transfer of Institutional Norms. IZA Journal of Migration 2(1), 1–19. BeineM. SekkatK. 2013 Skilled Migration and the Transfer of Institutional Norms IZA Journal of Migration 2 1 1 19 10.1186/2193-9039-2-9 Search in Google Scholar

Bellemare, M. F.; C. J. Wichman (2020): Elasticities and the inverse hyperbolic sine transformation. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 82.1, 50–61. BellemareM. F. WichmanC. J. 2020 Elasticities and the inverse hyperbolic sine transformation Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 82 1 50 61 10.1111/obes.12325 Search in Google Scholar

Bertoli, S.; F. Marchetta (2015): Bringing it all Back Home – Return Migration and Fertility Choices. World Development 65, 27–40. BertoliS. MarchettaF. 2015 Bringing it all Back Home – Return Migration and Fertility Choices World Development 65 27 40 10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.08.006 Search in Google Scholar

Blattman, C.; N. Fiala; S. Martinez (2018): The Long Term Impacts of Grants on Poverty: 9-Year Evidence from Uganda's Youth Opportunities Program (Working Paper No. 24999). National Bureau of Economic Research. BlattmanC. FialaN. MartinezS. 2018 The Long Term Impacts of Grants on Poverty: 9-Year Evidence from Uganda's Youth Opportunities Program (Working Paper No. 24999) National Bureau of Economic Research 10.3386/w24999 Search in Google Scholar

Bloom, S. S.; D. Wypij; M. Das Gupta (2001): Dimensions of Women's Autonomy and the Influence on Maternal Health Care Utilization in A North Indian City. Demography 38(1), 67–78. BloomS. S. WypijD. Das GuptaM. 2001 Dimensions of Women's Autonomy and the Influence on Maternal Health Care Utilization in A North Indian City Demography 38 1 67 78 10.1353/dem.2001.0001 Search in Google Scholar

Böhme, M. H. (2015): Migration and Educational Aspirations – Another Channel of Brain Gain? IZA Journal of Migration 4(1), 1–24. BöhmeM. H. 2015 Migration and Educational Aspirations – Another Channel of Brain Gain? IZA Journal of Migration 4 1 1 24 10.1186/s40176-015-0036-9 Search in Google Scholar

Bryan, G.; S. Chowdhury; A. M. Mobarak (2014): Underinvestment in A Profitable Technology: The Case of Seasonal Migration in Bangladesh. Econometrica 82(5), 1671–1748. BryanG. ChowdhuryS. MobarakA. M. 2014 Underinvestment in A Profitable Technology: The Case of Seasonal Migration in Bangladesh Econometrica 82 5 1671 1748 10.3982/ECTA10489 Search in Google Scholar

Bursztyn, L.; A. L., González; D. Yanagizawa-Drott (2020): Misperceived Social Norms: Women Working Outside the Home in Saudi Arabia. American Economic Review 110(10), 2997–3029. BursztynL. GonzálezA. L. Yanagizawa-DrottD. 2020 Misperceived Social Norms: Women Working Outside the Home in Saudi Arabia American Economic Review 110 10 2997 3029 10.1257/aer.20180975 Search in Google Scholar

Chen, J. J. (2013): Identifying Non-Cooperative Behavior Among Spouses: Child Outcomes in Migrant-Sending Households. Journal of Development Economics 100(1), 1–18. ChenJ. J. 2013 Identifying Non-Cooperative Behavior Among Spouses: Child Outcomes in Migrant-Sending Households Journal of Development Economics 100 1 1 18 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2012.06.006 Search in Google Scholar

Clemens, M. A.; E. R. Tiongson (2017): Split Decisions: Household Finance when A Policy Discontinuity Allocates Overseas Work. Review of Economics and Statistics 99(3), 531–543. ClemensM. A. TiongsonE. R. 2017 Split Decisions: Household Finance when A Policy Discontinuity Allocates Overseas Work Review of Economics and Statistics 99 3 531 543 10.1162/REST_a_00657 Search in Google Scholar

Cortes, P. (2015): The Feminization of International Migration and its Effects on the Children Left Behind: Evidence from the Philippines. World Development 65, 62–78. CortesP. 2015 The Feminization of International Migration and its Effects on the Children Left Behind: Evidence from the Philippines World Development 65 62 78 10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.021 Search in Google Scholar

Duflo, E. (2003): Grandmothers and Granddaughters: Old-Age Pensions and Intrahousehold Allocation in South Africa. World Bank Economic Review 17(1), 1–25. DufloE. 2003 Grandmothers and Granddaughters: Old-Age Pensions and Intrahousehold Allocation in South Africa World Bank Economic Review 17 1 1 25 10.1093/wber/lhg013 Search in Google Scholar

Duflo, E. (2012): Women Empowerment and Economic Development. Journal of Economic Literature 50(4), 1051–1079. DufloE. 2012 Women Empowerment and Economic Development Journal of Economic Literature 50 4 1051 1079 10.1257/jel.50.4.1051 Search in Google Scholar

Edwards, A. C.; M. Ureta (2003): International Migration, Remittances, and Schooling: Evidence from El Salvador. Journal of Development Economics 72(2), 429–461. EdwardsA. C. UretaM. 2003 International Migration, Remittances, and Schooling: Evidence from El Salvador Journal of Development Economics 72 2 429 461 10.3386/w9766 Search in Google Scholar

Field, E.; R. Pande; N. Rigol; S. Schaner; C. Troyer Moore (2021): On her Own Account: How Strengthening Women's Financial Control Impacts Labor Supply and Gender Norms. American Economic Review 111(7), 2342–2375. FieldE. PandeR. RigolN. SchanerS. Troyer MooreC. 2021 On her Own Account: How Strengthening Women's Financial Control Impacts Labor Supply and Gender Norms American Economic Review 111 7 2342 2375 10.1257/aer.20200705 Search in Google Scholar

Gibson, J.; D. McKenzie; H. Rohorua; S. Stillman (2017): The Long-Term Impacts of International Migration: Evidence from A Lottery. World Bank Economic Review 32(1), 127–147. GibsonJ. McKenzieD. RohoruaH. StillmanS. 2017 The Long-Term Impacts of International Migration: Evidence from A Lottery World Bank Economic Review 32 1 127 147 10.1596/1813-9450-7495 Search in Google Scholar

Göbel, K. (2013): Remittances, Expenditure Patterns, and Gender: Parametric and Semiparametric Evidence from Ecuador. IZA Journal of Migration 2(1), 1–19. GöbelK. 2013 Remittances, Expenditure Patterns, and Gender: Parametric and Semiparametric Evidence from Ecuador IZA Journal of Migration 2 1 1 19 10.1186/2193-9039-2-1 Search in Google Scholar

Handa, S. (1996): Expenditure Behavior and Children's Welfare: An Analysis of Female Headed Households in Jamaica. Journal of Development Economics 50(1), 165–187. HandaS. 1996 Expenditure Behavior and Children's Welfare: An Analysis of Female Headed Households in Jamaica Journal of Development Economics 50 1 165 187 10.1016/0304-3878(96)00008-9 Search in Google Scholar

Hoddinott, J.; L. Haddad (1995): Does Female Income Share Influence Household Expenditures? Evidence from Côte d’Ivoire. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 57(1), 77–96. HoddinottJ. HaddadL. 1995 Does Female Income Share Influence Household Expenditures? Evidence from Côte d’Ivoire Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 57 1 77 96 10.1111/j.1468-0084.1995.tb00028.x Search in Google Scholar

Holmelin, N. B. (2019): Competing Gender Norms and Social Practice in Himalayan Farm Management. World Development 122, 85–95. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.05.018 HolmelinN. B. 2019 Competing Gender Norms and Social Practice in Himalayan Farm Management World Development 122 85 95 10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.05.018 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Hughes, C. (2019): Reexamining the Influence of Conditional Cash Transfers on Migration from A Gendered Lens. Demography 56, 1573–1605. HughesC. 2019 Reexamining the Influence of Conditional Cash Transfers on Migration from A Gendered Lens Demography 56 1573 1605 10.1007/s13524-019-00815-0 Search in Google Scholar

International Labour Organization (ILO). (2018): Asia-Pacific Employment and Social Outlook (Technical Report). International Labour Organization (ILO) 2018 Asia-Pacific Employment and Social Outlook (Technical Report) Search in Google Scholar

Janzen, S. A.; N. P. Magnan; S. Sharma; W. M. Thompson (2018): Short-Term Impacts of a Payit-Forward Livestock Transfer and Training Program in Nepal. AEA Papers and Proceedings 108, 422–425. JanzenS. A. MagnanN. P. SharmaS. ThompsonW. M. 2018 Short-Term Impacts of a Payit-Forward Livestock Transfer and Training Program in Nepal AEA Papers and Proceedings 108 422 425 10.1257/pandp.20181120 Search in Google Scholar

Jayachandran, S. (2015): The Roots of Gender Inequality in Developing Countries. Annual Review of Economics 7, 63–88. JayachandranS. 2015 The Roots of Gender Inequality in Developing Countries Annual Review of Economics 7 63 88 10.3386/w20380 Search in Google Scholar

Kabeer, N. (1999): Resources, Agency, Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women's Empowerment. Development and Change 30(3), 435–464. KabeerN. 1999 Resources, Agency, Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women's Empowerment Development and Change 30 3 435 464 10.1111/1467-7660.00125 Search in Google Scholar

Khanal, S. (2018): Gender Discrimination in Education Expenditure in Nepal: Evidence from Living Standards Surveys. Asian Development Review 35(1), 155–174. KhanalS. 2018 Gender Discrimination in Education Expenditure in Nepal: Evidence from Living Standards Surveys Asian Development Review 35 1 155 174 10.1162/adev_a_00109 Search in Google Scholar

Lodigiani, E.; S. Salomone (2020): Migration-Induced Transfers of Norms: The Case of Female Political Empowerment. Journal of Demographic Economics 86(4), 435–477. LodigianiE. SalomoneS. 2020 Migration-Induced Transfers of Norms: The Case of Female Political Empowerment Journal of Demographic Economics 86 4 435 477 10.1017/dem.2020.7 Search in Google Scholar

Lokshin, M.; E. Glinskaya (2009): The Effect of Male Migration on Employment Patterns of Women in Nepal. World Bank Economic Review 23(3), 481–507. LokshinM. GlinskayaE. 2009 The Effect of Male Migration on Employment Patterns of Women in Nepal World Bank Economic Review 23 3 481 507 10.1093/wber/lhp011 Search in Google Scholar

McKenzie, D.; H. Rapoport (2011): Can Migration Reduce Educational Attainment? Evidence from Mexico. Journal of Population Economics 24(4), 1331–1358. McKenzieD. RapoportH. 2011 Can Migration Reduce Educational Attainment? Evidence from Mexico Journal of Population Economics 24 4 1331 1358 10.1596/1813-9450-3952 Search in Google Scholar

Ministry of Health [Nepal], New ERA [Nepal], and ICF (2017): Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016 [Dataset]. NPPR7HFL.DTA. Rockville, Maryland. Ministry of Health [Nepal], New ERA [Nepal], and ICF 2017 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016 [Dataset] NPPR7HFL.DTA Rockville, Maryland Search in Google Scholar

Nobles, J.; C. McKelvey (2015): Gender, Power, and Emigration from Mexico. Demography 52(5), 1573–1600. NoblesJ. McKelveyC. 2015 Gender, Power, and Emigration from Mexico Demography 52 5 1573 1600 10.1007/s13524-015-0401-6 Search in Google Scholar

Parrado, E. A.; C. A. Flippen; C. McQuiston (2005): Migration and Relationship Power Among Mexican Women. Demography 42(2), 347–372. ParradoE. A. FlippenC. A. McQuistonC. 2005 Migration and Relationship Power Among Mexican Women Demography 42 2 347 372 10.1353/dem.2005.0016 Search in Google Scholar

Qian, N. (2008): Missing Women and the Price of Tea in China: the Effect of Sex-Specific Earnings on Sex Imbalance. Quarterly Journal of Economics 123, 1251–1285. QianN. 2008 Missing Women and the Price of Tea in China: the Effect of Sex-Specific Earnings on Sex Imbalance Quarterly Journal of Economics 123 1251 1285 10.1162/qjec.2008.123.3.1251 Search in Google Scholar

Shrestha, M. (2017): Push and Pull: A Study of International Migration from Nepal. THE World Bank. Policy Research Working Paper #7965. ShresthaM. 2017 Push and Pull: A Study of International Migration from Nepal THE World Bank Policy Research Working Paper #7965. 10.1596/1813-9450-7965 Search in Google Scholar

Stecklov, G.; C. Carletto; C. Azzarri; B. Davis (2010): Gender and Migration from Albania. Demography 47(4), 935–961. StecklovG. CarlettoC. AzzarriC. DavisB. 2010 Gender and Migration from Albania Demography 47 4 935 961 10.1007/BF03213734 Search in Google Scholar

Sultana, H.; A. Fatima (2017): Factors Influencing Migration of Female Workers: A Case of Bangladesh. IZA Journal of Development and Migration 7(1), 1–17. SultanaH. FatimaA. 2017 Factors Influencing Migration of Female Workers: A Case of Bangladesh IZA Journal of Development and Migration 7 1 1 17 10.1186/s40176-017-0090-6 Search in Google Scholar

Thomas, D. (1990): Intra-Household Resource Allocation: An Inferential Approach. Journal of Human Resources 25, 635–664. ThomasD. 1990 Intra-Household Resource Allocation: An Inferential Approach Journal of Human Resources 25 635 664 10.2307/145670 Search in Google Scholar

Thomas, D. (1994): Like Father, Like Son; Like Mother, Like Daughter: Parental Resources and Child Height. Journal of Human Resources 29, 950–988. ThomasD. 1994 Like Father, Like Son; Like Mother, Like Daughter: Parental Resources and Child Height Journal of Human Resources 29 950 988 10.2307/146131 Search in Google Scholar

USGS. (2015): M 7.8 - 36km E of Khudi, Nepal. ShakeMap. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/event-page/us20002926/shakemap/intensity?source=atlas&code=atlas20150425061125. USGS 2015 M 7.8 - 36km E of Khudi, Nepal. ShakeMap https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/event-page/us20002926/shakemap/intensity?source=atlas&code=atlas20150425061125. Search in Google Scholar

USGS. (2019): The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. https://www.usgs.gov/programs/earthquake-hazards/modified-mercalli-intensity-scale (Retrieved August 7, 2019). USGS 2019 The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale https://www.usgs.gov/programs/earthquake-hazards/modified-mercalli-intensity-scale (Retrieved August 7, 2019). Search in Google Scholar

Verplanken, B.; I. Walker; A. Davis; M. Jurasek (2008): Context Change and Travel Mode Choice: Combining the Habit Discontinuity and Self-Activation Hypotheses. Journal of Environmental Psychology 28, 121–127. VerplankenB. WalkerI. DavisA. JurasekM. 2008 Context Change and Travel Mode Choice: Combining the Habit Discontinuity and Self-Activation Hypotheses Journal of Environmental Psychology 28 121 127 10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.10.005 Search in Google Scholar

Wolfers, J. (2006): Did Unilateral Divorce Laws Raise Divorce Rates: A Reconciliation and New Results. American Economic Review 96(5), 1802–1820. WolfersJ. 2006 Did Unilateral Divorce Laws Raise Divorce Rates: A Reconciliation and New Results American Economic Review 96 5 1802 1820 10.3386/w10014 Search in Google Scholar

Wood, W.; D. T. Neal (2007): A New Look at Habits and the Habits-Goal Interface. Psychological Review 114(4), 843–863. WoodW. NealD. T. 2007 A New Look at Habits and the Habits-Goal Interface Psychological Review 114 4 843 863 10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843 Search in Google Scholar

Wood, W.; D. T. Neal (2009): The Habitual Consumer. Journal of Consumer Psychology 19, 579–592. WoodW. NealD. T. 2009 The Habitual Consumer Journal of Consumer Psychology 19 579 592 10.1016/j.jcps.2009.08.003 Search in Google Scholar

Wood, W.; L. Tam; M. Guerrero Witt (2005): Changing Circumstances, Disrupting Habits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88(6), 918–933. WoodW. TamL. Guerrero WittM. 2005 Changing Circumstances, Disrupting Habits Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88 6 918 933 10.1037/0022-3514.88.6.918 Search in Google Scholar

Worden, C.; D. Wald (2016): Shakemap Manual Online: Technical Manual, User's Guide, and Software Guide. usgs.github.io/shakemap. doi: 10.5066/F7D21VPQ. WordenC. WaldD. 2016 Shakemap Manual Online: Technical Manual, User's Guide, and Software Guide usgs.github.io/shakemap. 10.5066/F7D21VPQ Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

World Bank Group. (2018): Nepal: Systematic Country Diagnostic. The World Bank. World Bank Group 2018 Nepal: Systematic Country Diagnostic The World Bank Search in Google Scholar

Yang, D. (2008): International Migration, Remittances and Household Investment: Evidence from Philippine Migrants’ Exchange Rate Shocks. Economic Journal 118(528), 591–630. YangD. 2008 International Migration, Remittances and Household Investment: Evidence from Philippine Migrants’ Exchange Rate Shocks Economic Journal 118 528 591 630 10.3386/w12325 Search in Google Scholar

Yang, D. (2011): Migrant Remittances. Journal of Economic Perspectives 25(3), 129–152. YangD. 2011 Migrant Remittances Journal of Economic Perspectives 25 3 129 152 10.1257/jep.25.3.129 Search in Google Scholar