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Environmental Impacts of Mixed Aggregates for use in Unbound Layers in Road Construction

Metka Gostečnik
Metka Gostečnik
, 
Predrag Šinik
Predrag Šinik
, 
Ana Mladenovič
Ana Mladenovič
, 
Janez Ščančar
Janez Ščančar
 und 
Radmila Milačič
Radmila Milačič
   | 18. Mai 2020
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Article Category: Original scientific paper
Online veröffentlicht: 18. Mai 2020
Seitenbereich: 3 - 11
Eingereicht: 11. März 2020
Akzeptiert: 13. März 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/rmzmag-2020-0002
Schlüsselwörter
© 2020 Metka Gostečnik et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Figure 1

Concentrations of Cr and Mo in aqueous leachates (a liquid-to-solid ratio of 10 L/kg) of bulk mixed aggregates from aged EAF slag aggregate of the same batch, applying different natural aggregate-to-slag aggregate ratios. Notes: Bars represent mean Cr and Mo concentrations determined by ICP-MS, while the error bars indicate the minimum and maximum concentrations from two parallel determinations in the leachate by ICP-MS.
Concentrations of Cr and Mo in aqueous leachates (a liquid-to-solid ratio of 10 L/kg) of bulk mixed aggregates from aged EAF slag aggregate of the same batch, applying different natural aggregate-to-slag aggregate ratios. Notes: Bars represent mean Cr and Mo concentrations determined by ICP-MS, while the error bars indicate the minimum and maximum concentrations from two parallel determinations in the leachate by ICP-MS.

Figure 2

Concentrations of Cr in aqueous leachates (a liquid-to-solid ratio of 10 L/kg) of bulk mixed aggregates from aged EAF slag of different slag batches, applying natural aggregate-to-slag aggregate ratio 90/10. Notes: Bars represent mean Cr concentrations determined by ICP-MS, while the error bars indicate the minimum and maximum concentrations from two parallel determinations in the leachate by ICP-MS.
Concentrations of Cr in aqueous leachates (a liquid-to-solid ratio of 10 L/kg) of bulk mixed aggregates from aged EAF slag of different slag batches, applying natural aggregate-to-slag aggregate ratio 90/10. Notes: Bars represent mean Cr concentrations determined by ICP-MS, while the error bars indicate the minimum and maximum concentrations from two parallel determinations in the leachate by ICP-MS.

Figure 3

Concentrations of Cr in aqueous leachates (a liquid-to-solid ratio of 10 L/kg) of bulk mixed aggregates from fresh and aged EAF slags of different slag batches, applying natural aggregate-to-slag aggregate ratio 90/10. Notes: Bars represent mean Cr concentrations determined by ICP-MS, while the error bars indicate the minimum and maximum concentrations from two parallel determinations in the leachate by ICP-MS.
Concentrations of Cr in aqueous leachates (a liquid-to-solid ratio of 10 L/kg) of bulk mixed aggregates from fresh and aged EAF slags of different slag batches, applying natural aggregate-to-slag aggregate ratio 90/10. Notes: Bars represent mean Cr concentrations determined by ICP-MS, while the error bars indicate the minimum and maximum concentrations from two parallel determinations in the leachate by ICP-MS.

Concentration ranges of elemental oxides in EAF slag aggregate samples (0–32 mm) determined by ICP-MS after microwave-assisted digestion

ParameterConcentration (%)
FeO and Fe2O333–46
CaO20–35
SiO210–20
MgO3–13
Al2O33–6
Mn2O53–5
Cr2O31–3

ICP–MS operating parameters for determination of element concentrations

ParameterType/valueHelium modeNo gas mode
Sample introduction
NebuliserMira Mist
Spray chamberScott
Skimmer and samplerNi
Plasma conditions
Forward power1,550 W
Plasma gas flow15.0 L/min
Carrier gas flow1.05 L/min0.75 L/min
Dilution gas flow0.10 L/min0.45 L/min
He gas flow4.5 mL/min
Quadrupole (QP) bias−15 V−3.6 V
Octapole (Oct) bias−18 V−8.0 V
Cell entrance−40 V−40 V
Cell exit−60 V−50 V
Deflect−2.2 V13.4 V
Plate bias−60 V−40 V
Sample uptake rate0.3 mL/min
Data acquisition parameters
Isotopes monitored52Cr, 60Ni, 63Cu, 66Zn, 75As, 78Se, 95Mo137Cd, 121Sb, 111Ba, 201Hg, 208Pb
Isotopes of internal standards45Sc, 72Ge, 103Rh, 115In45Sc, 72Ge, 103Rh, 115In

Concentrations of As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se and Zn in aqueous leachates (a liquid-to-solid ratio of 10 L/kg) of bulk natural aggregate, bulk aged EAF slag aggregate (0–32 mm) and bulk mixed aggregate from the aged EAF slag aggregate (natural aggregate-to-slag aggregate ratio 30/70) determined by ICP-MS and the content of chlorides, fluorides and sulphates determined by spectrophotometry

ParameterNatural aggregateEAF slag aggregate (0–30 mm)Mixed aggregate (natural aggregate-to-slag aggregate ratio 30/70)Concentration limits for inert waste*
As (mg/kg)<0.001<0.001<0.0010.5
Ba (mg/kg)<0.02142.220
Cd (mg/kg)<0.002<0.002<0.0020.04
Total Cr (mg/kg)<0.0021.40.950.5
Cu (mg/kg)<0.001<0.001<0.0012
Hg (mg/kg)<0.001<0.001<0.0010.01
Mo (mg/kg)<0.0020.260.240.5
Ni (mg/kg)<0.002<0.002<0.0020.4
Pb (mg/kg)<0.0050.450.150.5
Sb (mg/kg)<0.0010.080.020.06
Se (mg/kg)<0.003<0.003<0.0030.1
Zn (mg/kg)<0.0051.950.24
Chlorides (mg/kg)<7<7<7800
Fluorides (mg/kg)<14.59<110
Sulphates (mg/kg)<1019.5<101000
pH8.712.512.0/

Concentrations of elements in standard reference material SPS-SW1 (reference material for measurements of elements in surface waters) determined by ICP-MS

ParameterCertified concentration (mg/L)Determined concentration (mg/L)
As10.0 ± 0.110.4 ± 0.3
Ba50 ± 152 ± 1
Cd0.50 ± 0.010.48 ± 0.01
Total Cr2.00 ± 0.021.97 ± 0.02
Cu20 ± 119.6 ± 0.3
Mo10.0 ± 0.19.8 ± 0.2
Ni10.0 ± 0.110.2 ± 0.3
Pb5.0 ± 0.14.91 ± 0.01
Se2.00 ± 0.022.03 ± 0.02
Zn20a21.0 ± 0.2

Concentrations of chlorides, fluorides and sulphates in reference material Anions – Whole Volume determined by spectrophotometry

ParameterCertified concentration (mg/L)Determined concentration (mg/L)
Chlorides95.0 ± 9.5092.5 ± 5.0
Fluorides1.17 ± 0.1171.14 ±0.06
Sulphates44.3 ± 4.4342.5 ± 2.0

Concentrations of elements in certified reference material CRM 320R (Trace Elements in River Sediment) determined by ICP-MS after microwave-assisted digestion

ElementCertified (mg/kg)Determined (mg/kg)
Fe25,700 ± 1,30024,350 ± 700
Mn910 ± 50940 ± 30
Cr59 ± 461 ± 2
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