From wood to food: Approaching stakeholder integration in forest-based biorefinery development / Vom Holz zum Lebensmittel: Ein Beitrag zur Integration von Stakeholdern bei der Entwicklung von Holz-Bioraffinerien

Category	Potential key success factors	PPI pulp and paper industry,	PPF public and private funding,	FAI food additive industry
	Necessity to invest in a 10 million € project	0.69	0.68	0.56
Entry Barriers	Open up new distribution channels	0.56	0.53	0.63
	Defense reactions by established firms	0.53	0.80	0.50
	Restrictive legal frameworks for food and feed	0.72	0.83	0.50
	Competitors are highly different in size and power	0.84	0.47	0.56
	The growth rate attracts competitors	0.58	0.61	0.38
Competitive Factors	Products are mainly used for high value applications	0.64	0.53	0.56
	High exit barriers for the competitors	0.68	0.50	0.50
	Production’s fixed costs are between 30–40 %	0.50	0.54	0.50
	Supply is regional limited to few (2-3) pulp mills	N/A	0.83	0.75
	Supplier’s power to dictate terms and conditions	N/A	0.83	0.58
Threat of Supplier	Supplier’s dependency on revenues from sold products	N/A	0.61	0.38
	Transportation costs	N/A	0.38	0.50
	Supplier’s motivation to integrate forward	N/A	0.55	0.58
	Buyer’s power to dictate terms and conditions	0.75	0.63	N/A
	Buyer’s switching costs	0.66	0.61	N/A
Threat of Buyer	Buyer’s ability to integrate backward	0.44	0.58	N/A
	Buyer’s share in expenses for raw materials	0.59	0.67	N/A
	Buyer’s business profitability	0.59	0.67	N/A

	Key factors	Green strategy	Black strategy
Entry barriers	Necessity to invest in a €10 million project	0.50	1.00
	Open up new distribution channels	0.50	0.50
	Defense reactions by established firms	0.25	0.25
	Restrictive legal frameworks for food and feed	0.50	0.50
Competitive factors	Competitors are highly different in size and power	0.25	0.75
	The growth rate attracts competitors	0.75	0.75
	Products are mainly used for high value applications	0.75	0.50
	High exit barriers for the competitors	0.50	0.50
	Production’s fixed costs are between 30-40 %	0.25	1.00
Threat of supplier	Supply is regional limited to few (2-3) P&P companies	0.50	1.00
	Supplier’s power to dictate terms and conditions	0.50	0.75
	Supplier’s dependency on revenues from sold products	0.25	0.75
	Transportation costs	0.25	0.75
	Supplier’s dependency on revenues to sold products	0.25	0.25
Threat of buyer	Buyer’s power to dictate terms and conditions	1.00	0.50
	Buyer’s switching costs	0.50	0.25
	Buyer’s ability to integrate backward	0.25	0.25
	Buyer’s share in expenses for raw materials	0.75	0.25
	Buyer’s business profitability	0.75	0.25
∑ total	Summarized ratings for both strategies	9.50	10.75

	PPI pulp and paper industry,		PPF public and private funding,		FAI food additive industry

	Green strategy	Black strategy	Green strategy	Black strategy	Green strategy	Black strategy
Entry barriers	0.28	0.37	0.31	0.39	0.24	0.31
Competitive factors	0.25	0.35	0.25	0.31	0.21	0.28
Threat of suppliers	N/A	N/A	0.24	0.47	0.21	0.40
Threat of buyers	0.42	0.19	0.40	0.19	N/A	N/A